Productive incorporation of other elements (adjectives, locatives, etc.) into verbs
- Category
- Morphology - Incorporation
- Notes
- Like noun incorporation, but incorporated elements are not nouns
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no info | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 70 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:269-72 | ||||
| Alyawarr | no info | X | ||||
| Andoke | no info | |||||
| Apurinã | no info | Thre is a section on noun incorporation, but no suggestion that other elements can be incorporated. Language has no adjectives | ||||
| Arabana | no info | x | ||||
| Arrernte | No | 113 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | yes | adverbials | Payne 1981:3842 | |||
| Añun | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | No | 84 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | yes | Barasano is a verb-adjective language | Jones & Jones 1991, p.63 | |||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | no info | Aikhenvald, 1995 | ||||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | no info | Danielsen 2007: p98-100 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
| Bilinarra | no | 0 | ||||
| Biri | no | 0 | ||||
| Bora | no | Seifart - 2005:58-65 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 0 | ||||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | no info | |||||
| Chemehuevi | ||||||
| Comanche | ||||||
| Cubeo | yes | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 76 | A class 2 noun may also follow a stative verb stem or a nominalized adjective stem. | |||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | yes | adjectives, quality (unique, reiteration), actuality | ||||
| Darkinyung | no | 38 | 0 | |||
| Desano | no | Miller 1999, p. 110 | ||||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no info | x | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no | 0 | ||||
| Djinang | No | 169 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 85-88 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 246 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | no | A few possible examples but not productive | Martins 2004: 653 | |||
| Eñepa | no info | |||||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
| Githabul | No | 22 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | no | Quesada 2008:99-145 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no | 0 | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 319 | 0 | |||
| Guna | yes | verb + directional adverbs | Smith texts | |||
| Gunya | No | 329 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 105 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 89-91 | 0 | |||
| Hup | no | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | no | Frank 1985:60-104 | ||||
| Ingá | no | especially prepositions and temporal expressions | Levinson 1974, 1976, 1976b | |||
| Jaru | no | 221 | 0 | |||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | not likely | Silva 2011 | |||
| Kakua | no info | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no info | x | ||||
| Karajarri | No | 114 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no | Everett 2006:296-317 | ||||
| Katthang | no | 73 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | No | 14 | 0 | |||
| Kawaiisu | ||||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010 | ||||
| Kokatha | No | 40 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | no | adverbs | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.80 | |||
| Kotiria | no | Stenzel 2007 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 405 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 0 | ||||
| Kunjen | No | 113 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | no | 0 | ||||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 11 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | ||||||
| Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no info | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:15 | ||||
| Makuna | yes | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.43 | ||||
| Makushi | no | Carson 1982; Abbott 1991 | ||||
| Mapudungun | no | Zúñiga 2006, p. 102-78 | ||||
| Marrgany | No | 314 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 0 | ||||
| Mathi-Mathi | yes | 99-101 | 1 | |||
| Matses | no info | |||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 56-60 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | Minor and Minor 1982. p.36, 42-44 | Features such as locative (-mo) are attached to the noun via suffix. | |||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no | 0 | ||||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | yes | esp. postpositions | Weir 1984:97 | |||
| Nanti | no | Michael, 2008. p. 327-331 | ||||
| Narungga | No | 73 | 0 | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 71 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 42 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No | 15 | 0 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | yes | 200-202 | 1 | |||
| Nhanta | no info | x | ||||
| Nheengatu | no info | Cruz 2011 | ||||
| Ninam | yes | adverbs | Goodwin-Gomez, p.82-83, 103 | |||
| Northern Emberá | no | Mortensen 1999:59-88 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no info | x | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no info | X | ||||
| Palikur | no info | Launey 2003 | ||||
| Panyjima | no | 0 | ||||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Zarratea 2002:69-118 | ||||
| Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
| Pemon | yes | can you say anything about which ones? It seems that postpositions can be added to verbs to form other verbs | de Armellada 1999: 260 to 262 | |||
| Piapoco | no | Galindo, 2002: 150-180, 235-268 | ||||
| Pintupi | no info | x | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | Y 7 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 201 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | no info | "However, there seems to be a possible incorporation but it has a ridig structure and seems to be the product of grammaticalization." | Giron 2008: p221 (Table 23; ex. 417a-f) | |||
| Páez | no info | |||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no | Parker 1965:47-57, Perroud 1973:46-62 | ||||
| Resígaro | no | The description of a verb stem (or any other level) does not contain a slot for some other root (although there are light verb constructions that take adjectival or clausal complements). | Allin, 1976: 97, 105-109 | |||
| Ritharrngu | No | 60-66 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | yes | adverbs | Borgman 1990: p.204 | |||
| Serrano | ||||||
| Shoshone | ||||||
| Sikuani | no | de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000:219-237 | ||||
| Siona | no info | Wheeler 1987 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | ||||||
| Southern Ute | ||||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | no | Strom 1992, p.100 | ||||
| Tariana | no | The overview of predicate structure does not describe any incorporation processes. | Aikhenvald 2003: 253-254 | |||
| Thanggati | no | 53-63 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 30 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no | Montes 2004b:45-54, 101-120 | ||||
| Timbisha | ||||||
| Tukano | no | Ramirez 1997 | no evidence of this | |||
| Uradhi | No | 364 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no info | |||||
| Wajarri | No | 91 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | yes | 10.2.1 | 1 | |||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos, 2006:139 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no info | 0 | ||||
| Warluwarra | no info | x | ||||
| Warnman | No | 45 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 45 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no info | x | ||||
| Warumungu | No | 39 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Wathawurrung | no | 85 | 0 | |||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | no | The template for verbs does not include a slot for incorporated elements. | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800-801 | |||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 48-50 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | ||||||
| WesternTorres | no info | x | ||||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | No | 96 | 0 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Worrorra | no info | X | ||||
| Yagua | no info | Payne and Payne 1990: | ||||
| Yalarnnga | yes? | 46, 53 | 1 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | yes | 148-9 | 1 | |||
| Yanesha' | no | Duff-Tripp 1997:171 | ||||
| Yanomami | yes | can incorporate noun classifiers, AUG/DIM; "adjectives" pattern verbally, and so they may seem "incorporated" but this might be better classified as a kind of verb serialization. | Ramirez 1994: p.130; Lizot 1996: p.32-33 | |||
| Yanyuwa | no info | x | ||||
| Yavitero | no | No discussion of incorporation in chapter on verbs. | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 59-69 | |||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | n/a | 46-51 | 0 | |||
| Yindjilindji | no info | x | ||||
| Yine | yes | incorporated locatives | Matteson 1965:79 | |||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no | Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 521-524 | ||||
| Yulparija | No | 35 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 59 | 0 |
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