| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
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|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
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|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
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|
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|
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| Southern Ute |
|
|
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| Shoshone |
|
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| Comanche |
|
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| Idaho Shoshone |
|
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|
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|
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| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992:94 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
|
Allin, 1976: 106 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
Productively adds valence to Sa and So verbs |
Aikhenvald, 1995: 35 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
|
Galindo, 2002: 161-163, 253 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 521, Shauer, 1978: 47 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 68 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 268 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
Several causative morphemes, both are suffixes. |
Facundes, 2000: 310 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
|
Payne 1981:41; Payne 1983:11 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
Two different types of causatives: permissive and commanding. |
Zamponi 2003:43 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:97 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
|
Danielsen 2007: p218 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
There is also a causative suffix in Nanti. |
Michael, 2008. p. 279 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
|
Brandão 2010:23 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
|
Green and Green 1972: 5, 89 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
yes |
|
Matteson 1965:78 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
no info on valence |
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:59 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
|
Hall 1988: 128 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
"Some intransitive verbs occur with transitivizing suffixes that may have a causativizing function: -pa". Another type of causative is expressed by the verbal suffix -me'po 'to order'. |
Abbott 1991: 40-41 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
|
Payne 2012:183 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
|
de Armellada 1999:262 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
|
Frank 1990:66 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no |
The causative /-gu/ seems to be attached to a kind of auxiliary. This is based on examples |
Stendal 1976:16 |
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:183 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
"-yaba" used significantly less often (de Kondo) |
de Kondo (Vol.2) - 1985:43; Queixaós - 2000:122-126 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:302-3 |
|
There are two causative: the suffix /-miti(ka)/ and a prefixed vowel which is not predictable. But the suffix is much more productive |
|
| Northern Emberá |
yes |
|
Mortensen 1999:62 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
yes |
|
Levinson 1978:12 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
|
Fleck:887 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
yes |
Notice that this suffix is similar in form to the transitivizer /-l/. So, it may be possible to argue that the suffix /-l/ has two functions: causative and transitivizer. |
Salas 1992, p.186 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
|
Jung:103 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
|
Parker 1965:74 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
|
Olawsky:459-60, 609 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
It is only used with underived intransitive verbs |
Mejía 2000:90 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
|
Landaburu 1979: 203-204 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
|
Girón:222, 360 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 168 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no info |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.101 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
add -pu or -po |
Miller 1999, p. 115 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
causative has been lexicalized (i.e. 'kɨ' means be and 'kɨ-wA' means have |
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 57 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 207 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.64 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.70 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
Barasano forms morphological causatives by affixing -o to the verb root. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.101 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
The morphological causitive is formed by adding a causative suffix immediately after the verb root. |
Strom 1992, p.92 |
|
The causee is the object or recipient of the verb. |
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1987:145-147 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
suffix -o is most basic strategy, suffix: -kã́ is the same form as switch reference morpheme |
Ramirez 1997: 271, 349 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1994: 245-248 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
yes |
|
Goodwin-Gomez: 101 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
yes |
|
Borgman 1990: 47-51 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:440 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011:287 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
For transitive verbs |
Ayala 1996:248-51 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
|
Vallejos 2010:373 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Walmajarri |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Nyulnyul |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
11 |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
s163 |
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
89 |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
181-5 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
yes |
|
47-9 |
|
|
1 |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
yes |
|
98-9 |
|
|
1 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 47-50 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No info |
|
50 |
|
|
x |
| Wangkumara |
yes |
|
38 |
|
|
1 |
| Uradhi |
Yes |
|
376 |
|
|
1 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
yes |
|
205 |
|
|
1 |
| Pintupi |
yes |
|
139-140; 146 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
62?; 93 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
163, 165 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
yes |
|
14 |
|
|
1 |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
129-37 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
145 |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
yes |
|
319 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
402-5 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
97 |
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
412-4 |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
yes |
|
15 |
|
|
1 |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
87 |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
yes |
|
118 |
|
|
1 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
306 |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
84 |
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
yes |
|
91 |
|
|
1 |
| Duungidjawu |
yes |
|
86-7 |
|
|
1 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
122 |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
73; 159; 168-169 |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
maybe |
|
61 |
|
|
1 |
| Darkinyung |
no info |
|
109 |
|
|
x |
| Bularnu |
yes |
|
67 |
|
|
1 |
| Biri |
yes |
|
40 |
|
|
1 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
yes |
|
141-5 |
|
|
1 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
147 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
57 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
Yes |
|
47 |
|
|
1 |
| Wathawurrung |
yes |
|
89-90 |
|
|
1 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
99-101 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
yes |
|
84-88 |
|
|
1 |
| Thanggati |
yes |
|
55-6 |
|
|
1 |
| Katthang |
yes |
|
86 |
|
|
1 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
188-189 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
yes |
|
59 |
|
|
1 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
153 |
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
23 |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
yes |
|
329 |
|
|
1 |
| Kunjen |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
10.2.3.1 |
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
yes |
|
86 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
71 |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
193 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
no info |
|
31 |
|
|
x |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
195 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
G 224 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
61 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
Yes |
|
77 |
|
|
1 |
| Warluwarra |
yes |
|
956 |
|
|
1 |
| Warnman |
Yes |
|
44 |
|
|
1 |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
75-6 |
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
Yes |
|
83 |
|
|
1 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
Yes |
|
37 |
|
|
1 |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
108 |
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
yes |
|
391 |
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:284 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
