Causative: suffix
- Category
- Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing
- Notes
- Causative is morphological and is attached after the root of the verb
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | yes | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992:94 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | Yes | 83 | 1 | |||
| Aguaruna | yes | Overall 2007:302-3 | There are two causative: the suffix /-miti(ka)/ and a prefixed vowel which is not predictable. But the suffix is much more productive | |||
| Alyawarr | yes | 57 | 1 | |||
| Andoke | yes | Landaburu 1979: 203-204 | ||||
| Apurinã | yes | Several causative morphemes, both are suffixes. | Facundes, 2000: 310 | |||
| Arabana | yes | 147 | 1 | |||
| Arrernte | Yes | 193 | 1 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | yes | Payne 1981:41; Payne 1983:11 | ||||
| Añun | no info | no info on valence | Patte 1989 | |||
| Bandjalang | yes | 86 | 1 | |||
| Baniwa | yes | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | yes | Barasano forms morphological causatives by affixing -o to the verb root. | Jones & Jones 1991, p.101 | |||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | yes | Productively adds valence to Sa and So verbs | Aikhenvald, 1995: 35 | |||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | no | Danielsen 2007: p218 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | yes | 141-5 | 1 | |||
| Bilinarra | no info | x | ||||
| Biri | yes | 40 | 1 | |||
| Bora | yes | Seifart - 2005:59 | ||||
| Bularnu | yes | 67 | 1 | |||
| Bunuba | no info | x | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | yes | Huayhua Pari 2001: 168 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | ||||||
| Comanche | ||||||
| Cubeo | yes | causative has been lexicalized (i.e. 'kɨ' means be and 'kɨ-wA' means have | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 57 | |||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | yes | |||||
| Darkinyung | no info | 109 | x | |||
| Desano | yes | add -pu or -po | Miller 1999, p. 115 | |||
| Dharawal | maybe | 61 | 1 | |||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | yes | 73; 159; 168-169 | 1 | |||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | yes | 75-6 | 1 | |||
| Djinang | Yes | 122 | 1 | |||
| Duungidjawu | yes | 86-7 | 1 | |||
| Dyirbal | yes | 91 | 1 | |||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | yes | Payne 2012:183 | ||||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
| Githabul | yes | 23 | 1 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | no | Quesada 2008:183 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no info | x | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | yes | 306 | 1 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | yes | 329 | 1 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | yes | 118 | 1 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | yes | 84-88 | 1 | |||
| Hup | no | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | yes | Frank 1990:66 | ||||
| Ingá | yes | Levinson 1978:12 | ||||
| Jaru | no info | x | ||||
| Jingulu | yes | 1 | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | no info | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | yes | 87 | 1 | |||
| Karajarri | Yes | 195 | 1 | |||
| Karitiana | no | Everett 2006:440 | ||||
| Katthang | yes | 86 | 1 | |||
| Kaurna | yes | 15 | 1 | |||
| Kawaiisu | ||||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | no | The causative /-gu/ seems to be attached to a kind of auxiliary. This is based on examples | Stendal 1976:16 | |||
| Kokama | yes | Vallejos 2010:373 | ||||
| Kokatha | no info | 31 | x | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.70 | ||||
| Kotiria | no | Stenzel 2004, p. 207 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | yes | 412-4 | 1 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | yes | 97 | 1 | |||
| Kunjen | No info | x | ||||
| Kurrama | no | 153 | 0 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | Yes | 402-5 | 1 | |||
| Luiseño | ||||||
| Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | yes | Two different types of causatives: permissive and commanding. | Zamponi 2003:43 | |||
| Makiritare | yes | Hall 1988: 128 | ||||
| Makuna | yes | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.64 | ||||
| Makushi | yes | "Some intransitive verbs occur with transitivizing suffixes that may have a causativizing function: -pa". Another type of causative is expressed by the verbal suffix -me'po 'to order'. | Abbott 1991: 40-41 | |||
| Mapudungun | yes | Notice that this suffix is similar in form to the transitivizer /-l/. So, it may be possible to argue that the suffix /-l/ has two functions: causative and transitivizer. | Salas 1992, p.186 | |||
| Marrgany | yes | 319 | 1 | |||
| Martuthunira | yes | 145 | 1 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 99-101 | 0 | |||
| Matses | yes | Fleck:887 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No info | x | ||||
| Minica Witoto | yes | Minor and Minor 1982. p.101 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | yes | 129-37 | 1 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | yes | There is also a causative suffix in Nanti. | Michael, 2008. p. 279 | |||
| Narungga | No info | x | ||||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | yes | 71 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | yes | 59 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | yes | 14 | 1 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | yes | 163, 165 | 1 | |||
| Nhanta | yes | 62?; 93 | 1 | |||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011:287 | ||||
| Ninam | yes | Goodwin-Gomez: 101 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | yes | Mortensen 1999:62 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no info | x | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no | 0 | ||||
| Palikur | yes | Green and Green 1972: 5, 89 | ||||
| Panyjima | yes | 188-189 | 1 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | yes | For transitive verbs | Ayala 1996:248-51 | |||
| Paresi | yes | Brandão 2010:23 | ||||
| Pemon | yes | de Armellada 1999:262 | ||||
| Piapoco | yes | Galindo, 2002: 161-163, 253 | ||||
| Pintupi | yes | 139-140; 146 | 1 | |||
| Pitjantjatjara | Yes | G 224 | 1 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | yes | 205 | 1 | |||
| Puinave | yes | Girón:222, 360 | ||||
| Páez | no | Jung:103 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | yes | Parker 1965:74 | ||||
| Resígaro | yes | Allin, 1976: 106 | ||||
| Ritharrngu | Yes | 61 | 1 | |||
| Sanumá | yes | Borgman 1990: 47-51 | ||||
| Serrano | ||||||
| Shoshone | ||||||
| Sikuani | yes | "-yaba" used significantly less often (de Kondo) | de Kondo (Vol.2) - 1985:43; Queixaós - 2000:122-126 | |||
| Siona | no | Wheeler - 1987:145-147 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | ||||||
| Southern Ute | ||||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | yes | The morphological causitive is formed by adding a causative suffix immediately after the verb root. | Strom 1992, p.92 | The causee is the object or recipient of the verb. | ||
| Tariana | yes | Aikhenvald, 2003: 268 | ||||
| Thanggati | yes | 55-6 | 1 | |||
| Tharrkari | Yes | 37 | 1 | |||
| Tikuna | no info | |||||
| Timbisha | ||||||
| Tukano | yes | suffix -o is most basic strategy, suffix: -kã́ is the same form as switch reference morpheme | Ramirez 1997: 271, 349 | |||
| Uradhi | Yes | 376 | 1 | |||
| Urarina | yes | Olawsky:459-60, 609 | ||||
| Wajarri | Yes | 108 | 1 | |||
| Wakaya | yes | 10.2.3.1 | 1 | |||
| Walmajarri | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wambaya | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wangkumara | yes | 38 | 1 | |||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | yes | Santos 2006 | ||||
| Warlpiri | yes | s163 | 1 | |||
| Warluwarra | yes | 956 | 1 | |||
| Warnman | Yes | 44 | 1 | |||
| Warrgamay | Yes | 77 | 1 | |||
| Warrwa | no info | x | ||||
| Warumungu | No info | 50 | x | |||
| Warungu | yes | 391 | 1 | |||
| Wathawurrung | yes | 89-90 | 1 | |||
| Waunana | yes | It is only used with underived intransitive verbs | Mejía 2000:90 | |||
| Wayuu | yes | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800 | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 47-50 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | ||||||
| WesternTorres | no | 0 | ||||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | yes | 98-9 | 1 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Worrorra | no | 11 | 0 | |||
| Yagua | yes | Payne and Payne 1990:284 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | yes | 47-9 | 1 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | yes | 181-5 | 1 | |||
| Yanesha' | yes | Duff-Tripp 1997:97 | ||||
| Yanomami | yes | Ramirez 1994: 245-248 | ||||
| Yanyuwa | no info | x | ||||
| Yavitero | yes | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 68 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | yes | 89 | 1 | |||
| Yindjilindji | no info | x | ||||
| Yine | yes | Matteson 1965:78 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no info | x | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no info | x | ||||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | yes | Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 521, Shauer, 1978: 47 | ||||
| Yulparija | Yes | 47 | 1 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | Yes | 84 | 1 |
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