| Cahuilla |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
A morpheme -u is used but it is also found on unaccsuative verbs and as a marker on the reciprocal marker |
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 112 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
|
Allin, 1976: 128 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 38 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 259-261 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
For reflexives as well as intransitivizing. |
Shauer 2000: 308, Shauer 1978: 47 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 68-69 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
Unclear: there is a morpheme -ira which is identified as a “reciprocal.” No discussion of whether this can also be used for reflexives (or what is used for reflexives, but since there is no separate reflexive morpheme pointed out, I assume there is no suc |
|
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 263-266 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
This morpheme appears in the same slot as other object markers. |
Facundes, 2000: 407-408 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
These are dedicated morphemes that also correspond with tense (future vs. non-future). |
Payne 1981:11,12 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no info |
|
Zamponi 2003:45 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
However, it seems that this is not always a valence change suffix; instead, it is required with the so called reflexive verbs |
Duff-Tripp 1997:70 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
yes |
The form /-pu/ is used for negative sentences |
Souza 2008:112 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
This suffix has the same form as the perfective suffix |
Danielsen 2007:262 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
Reflexives are formed with a reflexive pronoun. |
Michael, 2008. p. 278 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
|
Brandão 2010:30 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
|
Green and Green 1972:6 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
yes |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
yes |
|
Patte 1989:48 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:59 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 173 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Abbott 1991: 37-38 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
Based on examples and part of the discussion. A detransitivizing verbal suffix is used to form a reflexive verb |
Thomas Payne 1989:40 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999:40-265-6 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
reflexive pronoun |
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
|
Frank 1990:71 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
yes |
|
Bourland 1976:71-72 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
|
Quesada 2008:71 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
varies |
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
Verbal prefix. |
de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:48; Queixalós - 2000:206 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
yes |
|
Buenaventura - 1993:45 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:311 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Aguirre 1998:85 |
|
Chamí |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
yes |
|
Levinson 1987:12 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
|
Fleck:349 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
Same form as reciprocal |
Salas 1992, p.129 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
|
Parker 1965:80 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
|
Montes 2004b:88, 101-120 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:603-7 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
reciprocal/reflexive is a pronominal suffix -hə́ |
Landaburu 1979: 167 |
|
may actually be verbal, depends on status of Pn as proclitic or not |
|
| Puinave |
no |
Reflexive is marked by adding an extra person agreement affix in the verb. |
Giron 2008: p366 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Deza Galindo 1992: 225, 226 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no info |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
yes |
particle |
Goncalves 2011:290 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
The passive impersonal, or passive reflexive, may be indicated by certain suffixes. (chapter 18) |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.87, 102-103 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
reflexive pronoun. Precedes the verb root, and forms a single phonological word. |
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
|
Miller 1999, p. 118 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 105 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no info |
referential' -ta can have reflexive function? |
Stenzel 2004 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.35-36 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.69-80 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
The second syllable may indicate whether or not a transitive verb is directed toward the agent (reflexive) or elsewhere. |
Jones & Jones 1991,p.46 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
Overtly marked reflexives are rare in Retuarã. |
Strom 1992, p.133 |
|
Instead, when the subject receives the action of a verb that could be transitive, the absence of an object noun phrase makes the reflexive implicit. |
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1987:138-158 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
reflexive pronoun basi/basu or use of middle voice |
Ramirez 1997: 250, 350 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
no dedicated morpheme, discussions of reflexive uses are not clear |
Ramirez 1994 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
no special form for reflexive |
Goodwin-Gomez: 47 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990: 43 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
yes |
|
Van der Meer (?):14 |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:445-51 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
|
Zarratea 2002:98 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010:336 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
105-6 |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no |
|
25 |
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no |
|
s163 |
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
yes |
|
88 |
|
|
1 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
78 |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no |
|
123 |
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
64-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
49-50 |
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
yes |
|
73 |
|
|
1 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
109-110 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 47 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
43 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
yes |
|
37 |
|
|
1 |
| Uradhi |
Yes |
|
374 |
|
|
1 |
| Paakantyi |
yes |
|
187-188 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
206 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
120 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
112 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
166 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
14 |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
150 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
yes |
|
55 |
|
|
1 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
320 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
412 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
104, 145 |
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
398 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
10 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
86 |
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
152-9 |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
97 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
343 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
yes |
|
142 |
|
|
1 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
83 |
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
yes |
|
92 |
|
|
1 |
| Duungidjawu |
yes |
|
87 |
|
|
1 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
147 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
75 |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
37 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
101 |
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
yes |
|
42-3 |
|
|
1 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
yes |
|
38 |
|
|
1 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
152-3 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
57 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
80 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
99 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
yes |
|
81 |
|
|
1 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
53 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
83 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
160 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
29 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no info |
|
223 |
|
|
x |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
15 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
yes |
|
330 |
|
|
1 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
94 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
K85b 68 |
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no |
|
503 |
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
91 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
61 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
191 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
233 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 127 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
61 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
75 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
867 |
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
37 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
76 |
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
5.2.4 |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
yes |
|
17 |
|
|
1 |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
90 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No info |
|
36 |
|
|
x |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
108 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
yes |
|
516 |
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
reflexive/reciprocal coreferential marker |
Payne and Payne 1990:271 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
