| Cahuilla |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
There only seems to be a distinction in "deictic" pronouns. |
Allin, 1976: 115-117 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 22 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 184 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
Not in subject prefixes. The pronouns in Arawak languages are built on subject prefixes. |
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42, Shauer & Shauer 2000: p. 518 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 48 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos, 2006: 185 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 798 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 177 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
|
Facundes, 2000: 345-346 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
mainly by older speakers |
Mihas 2010:160 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:21 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:61 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
No discussion, but based on what I have seen in the examples the answer is NO. |
Danielsen 2007 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
1st person singular and 1st person plural exclusive take same form, 1st person plural inclusive is distinct. |
Michael, 2008. p. 348 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no |
|
Rowan 1978:xiii |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
|
Green and Green 1972:3-25 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965:106 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:52-55 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
incl., excl. |
Hall 1988:282 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
|
Carson 1982: 89 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
|
Payne 2012:88-89 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
|
de Armellada 1999: 12 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
yes |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
However, the inclusive form seems to be rare. The exclusive form is the most frequent. |
Frank 1990:26 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
yes |
|
Bourland 1976:56 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
|
Quesada 2008:69 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
Inclusive: waxáitsibeje; Exclusive: paxánëbeje |
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000:72 |
|
Queixalós shows that the suffix "-behe" can be used to show duality for all nouns. |
|
| Macaguan |
yes |
|
Buenaventura - 1993:44 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:154 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
yes |
|
Mortensen 1999:42-3 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1978:6 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:243 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-9 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
|
Jung:136 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
|
Parker 1965:35 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
|
Montes 2004b:45-100 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
|
Olawsky:433 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p170 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Deza Galindo 1992: 81 |
|
"We" is either exclusive (without you) and two inclusive (either with you or with you and with everyone else) |
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
|
Silva 2011:146 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
dual form indicates two participants |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.10 |
|
distinction between male and female (rarely used) |
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
|
Weir 1984:89 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
|
Miller 1999, p. 30 |
|
They may occur as head in a noun phrase or as a modifier of a head noun. |
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 80 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 161 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
For the first person plural personal pronouns, we distinguish the inclusive and exclusive pronouns. |
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.35 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.31 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
Barasano has personal pronouns that distinuish between first person plural inclusive and exclusive. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.31 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
This free form of the pronoun generally occurs as an abbreviated answer to a question, or when it is the subject of certain types of clauses.(yiha-1p pl excl. bãrã-1p pl inclusive) |
Strom 1992, p.34 |
|
The personal pronouns are not frequently used, perhaps because the person marker prefixes are preferred. |
|
| Siona |
yes |
inclusive, exclusive |
Wheeler - 1970:141 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
|
West and Welch 2004: 19-20 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
incl/excl is distinguished, however, in the possessive pronouns |
Ramirez 1994: 209 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.50-51 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
yes |
|
Borgman 1990: p.150 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
yes |
|
Van der Meer (?):7 |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
yes |
|
Everett 2006:300-1 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011:141 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
|
Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:61 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
yes |
|
Rossler 2008:71 |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
|
Vallejos 2010:201 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Walmajarri |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Nyulnyul |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warrwa |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
ms7.2 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
yes |
|
fpro1 |
|
|
1 |
| Gooniyandi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
yes |
|
73 |
|
|
1 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
71-73 |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
12 |
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
56 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
yes |
|
15 |
|
|
1 |
| Woiwurrung |
yes |
|
70 |
|
|
1 |
| Wirangu |
yes |
|
84-86 |
|
|
1 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
yes |
|
H 37-8 |
|
|
1 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
28-29 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
yes |
|
r4-6 |
|
|
1 |
| Uradhi |
Yes |
|
354 |
|
|
1 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
194 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
yes |
|
104-110 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
76 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
123 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
10 |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
90, 118 |
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
53-54 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
100-107 |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
303 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
87 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
73 |
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
397 |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
7-8 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
31-2 |
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
yes |
|
64-5 |
|
|
1 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
yes |
|
66 |
|
|
1 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
283 |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Maybe |
|
51 |
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
yes |
|
50 |
|
|
1 |
| Duungidjawu |
yes |
|
51 |
|
|
1 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
33 |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
yes |
|
49-50 |
|
|
1 |
| Darkinyung |
yes |
|
29 |
|
|
1 |
| Bularnu |
yes |
|
50 |
|
|
1 |
| Biri |
yes |
|
24 |
|
|
1 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
No |
|
212 |
|
|
0 |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
112 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
92 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
yes |
|
75 |
|
|
1 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
yes |
|
90 |
|
|
1 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
40-41, 45 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
yes |
|
23 |
|
|
1 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
64 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
157 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
23 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
yes |
|
74 |
|
|
1 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
15 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
304 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
yes |
|
87 |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
yes |
|
FO 138 |
|
|
1 |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
143 |
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
yes |
|
515 |
|
|
1 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
78 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
N/A |
|
52 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
100 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
Yes |
|
48 |
|
|
1 |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
236 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 18 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
44 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
39 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
yes |
|
907 |
|
|
1 |
| Warnman |
Yes |
|
33 |
|
|
1 |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
51 |
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
yes |
|
1.1000000000000000888 |
|
|
1 |
| Wiradjuri |
yes |
|
32-3 |
|
|
1 |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
62 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
58 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
Yes |
|
16 |
|
|
1 |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
71 |
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
1 |
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:370 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001:377 |
|
|
|
