Inclusive/exclusive: in free pronominals
- Category
- Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity
- Notes
- Inclusive =us + you, exclusive = us but not you
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 | ||||
| Aché | yes | Rossler 2008:71 | ||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 62 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:154 | ||||
| Alyawarr | yes | 92 | 1 | |||
| Andoke | no info | |||||
| Apurinã | no | Facundes, 2000: 345-346 | ||||
| Arabana | yes | 112 | 1 | |||
| Arrernte | No | 100 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | yes | mainly by older speakers | Mihas 2010:160 | |||
| Añun | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | No | 78 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001:377 | ||||
| Barasano | yes | Barasano has personal pronouns that distinuish between first person plural inclusive and exclusive. | Jones & Jones 1991, p.31 | |||
| Bardi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Bare | no | Aikhenvald, 1995: 22 | ||||
| Batyala | No | 212 | 0 | |||
| Baure | no | No discussion, but based on what I have seen in the examples the answer is NO. | Danielsen 2007 | |||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
| Bilinarra | yes | 1.1000000000000000888 | 1 | |||
| Biri | yes | 24 | 1 | |||
| Bora | yes | Seifart - 2005:52-55 | ||||
| Bularnu | yes | 50 | 1 | |||
| Bunuba | yes | 1 | ||||
| Cabecar | yes | Bourland 1976:56 | ||||
| Cahuilla | no | |||||
| Central Aymara | yes | Deza Galindo 1992: 81 | "We" is either exclusive (without you) and two inclusive (either with you or with you and with everyone else) | |||
| Chemehuevi | yes | |||||
| Comanche | yes | |||||
| Cubeo | yes | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 80 | ||||
| Cupeño | no | |||||
| Damana | no | |||||
| Darkinyung | yes | 29 | 1 | |||
| Desano | yes | Miller 1999, p. 30 | They may occur as head in a noun phrase or as a modifier of a head noun. | |||
| Dharawal | yes | 49-50 | 1 | |||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | yes | 1 | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | yes | 51 | 1 | |||
| Djinang | Yes | 33 | 1 | |||
| Duungidjawu | yes | 51 | 1 | |||
| Dyirbal | yes | 50 | 1 | |||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | yes | Payne 2012:88-89 | ||||
| Gabrielino | no | |||||
| Garrwa | yes | fpro1 | 1 | |||
| Githabul | No | 15 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Guaymí | yes | Quesada 2008:69 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no | 0 | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | yes | 283 | 1 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | No | 304 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | yes | 66 | 1 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 40-41, 45 | 0 | |||
| Hup | no | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | yes | |||||
| Ika | yes | However, the inclusive form seems to be rare. The exclusive form is the most frequent. | Frank 1990:26 | |||
| Ingá | no | Levinson 1978:6 | ||||
| Jaru | yes | 64-5 | 1 | |||
| Jingulu | yes | 1 | ||||
| Kaingang | no | Silva 2011:146 | ||||
| Kakua | no | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no | 31-2 | 0 | |||
| Karajarri | Yes | 236 | 1 | |||
| Karitiana | yes | Everett 2006:300-1 | ||||
| Katthang | no | 64 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | No | 7-8 | 0 | |||
| Kawaiisu | yes | |||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | no | |||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | yes | Vallejos 2010:201 | ||||
| Kokatha | Yes | 48 | 1 | |||
| Koreguaje | yes | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.31 | ||||
| Kotiria | yes | Stenzel 2004, p. 161 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | yes | 397 | 1 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | yes | 73 | 1 | |||
| Kunjen | yes | 87 | 1 | |||
| Kurrama | yes | 74 | 1 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | Yes | 87 | 1 | |||
| Luiseño | no | |||||
| Macaguan | yes | Buenaventura - 1993:44 | ||||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003:21 | ||||
| Makiritare | yes | incl., excl. | Hall 1988:282 | |||
| Makuna | yes | For the first person plural personal pronouns, we distinguish the inclusive and exclusive pronouns. | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.35 | |||
| Makushi | yes | Carson 1982: 89 | ||||
| Mapudungun | no | Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-9 | ||||
| Marrgany | No | 303 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | yes | 100-107 | 1 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | yes | 90 | 1 | |||
| Matses | no | Fleck:243 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 53-54 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | dual form indicates two participants | Minor and Minor 1982. p.10 | distinction between male and female (rarely used) | ||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no | 90, 118 | 0 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | yes | Weir 1984:89 | ||||
| Nanti | yes | 1st person singular and 1st person plural exclusive take same form, 1st person plural inclusive is distinct. | Michael, 2008. p. 348 | |||
| Narungga | No | 58 | 0 | |||
| Naso | yes | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | N/A | 52 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 23 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No | 10 | 0 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | yes | 123 | 1 | |||
| Nhanta | no | 76 | 0 | |||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011:141 | ||||
| Ninam | no | Goodwin-Gomez, p.50-51 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | yes | Mortensen 1999:42-3 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Nyangumarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyikina | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no | 0 | ||||
| Palikur | yes | Green and Green 1972:3-25 | ||||
| Panyjima | yes | 157 | 1 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | yes | Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:61 | ||||
| Paresi | no | Rowan 1978:xiii | ||||
| Pemon | yes | de Armellada 1999: 12 | ||||
| Piapoco | no | Galindo, 2002: 184 | ||||
| Pintupi | yes | 104-110 | 1 | |||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | Y 18 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 194 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | no | Giron 2008: p170 | ||||
| Páez | no | Jung:136 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | yes | Parker 1965:35 | ||||
| Resígaro | yes | There only seems to be a distinction in "deictic" pronouns. | Allin, 1976: 115-117 | |||
| Ritharrngu | Yes | 44 | 1 | |||
| Sanumá | yes | Borgman 1990: p.150 | ||||
| Serrano | no | |||||
| Shoshone | yes | |||||
| Sikuani | yes | Inclusive: waxáitsibeje; Exclusive: paxánëbeje | de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000:72 | Queixalós shows that the suffix "-behe" can be used to show duality for all nouns. | ||
| Siona | yes | inclusive, exclusive | Wheeler - 1970:141 | |||
| Southern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Southern Ute | yes | |||||
| Surui | yes | Van der Meer (?):7 | ||||
| Tanimuca | yes | This free form of the pronoun generally occurs as an abbreviated answer to a question, or when it is the subject of certain types of clauses.(yiha-1p pl excl. bãrã-1p pl inclusive) | Strom 1992, p.34 | The personal pronouns are not frequently used, perhaps because the person marker prefixes are preferred. | ||
| Tariana | no | Aikhenvald, 2003: 177 | ||||
| Thanggati | yes | 23 | 1 | |||
| Tharrkari | Yes | 16 | 1 | |||
| Tikuna | no | Montes 2004b:45-100 | ||||
| Timbisha | yes | |||||
| Tukano | yes | West and Welch 2004: 19-20 | ||||
| Uradhi | Yes | 354 | 1 | |||
| Urarina | yes | Olawsky:433 | ||||
| Wajarri | Yes | 71 | 1 | |||
| Wakaya | yes | 143 | 1 | |||
| Walmajarri | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wambaya | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wangkumara | yes | r4-6 | 1 | |||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos, 2006: 185 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no info | 0 | ||||
| Warluwarra | yes | 907 | 1 | |||
| Warnman | Yes | 33 | 1 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 39 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | yes | 1 | ||||
| Warumungu | yes | 28-29 | 1 | |||
| Warungu | no | 1 | 0 | |||
| Wathawurrung | yes | 75 | 1 | |||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | no | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 798 | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | yes | H 37-8 | 1 | |||
| Western Mono | yes | |||||
| WesternTorres | yes | FO 138 | 1 | |||
| Wiradjuri | yes | 32-3 | 1 | |||
| Wirangu | yes | 84-86 | 1 | |||
| Woiwurrung | yes | 70 | 1 | |||
| Worrorra | yes | ms7.2 | 1 | |||
| Yagua | yes | Payne and Payne 1990:370 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | yes | 15 | 1 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | yes | 56 | 1 | |||
| Yanesha' | no | Duff-Tripp 1997:61 | ||||
| Yanomami | no | incl/excl is distinguished, however, in the possessive pronouns | Ramirez 1994: 209 | |||
| Yanyuwa | yes | 12 | 1 | |||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 48 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | yes | 71-73 | 1 | |||
| Yindjilindji | yes | 515 | 1 | |||
| Yine | no | Matteson 1965:106 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | yes | 73 | 1 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no | Not in subject prefixes. The pronouns in Arawak languages are built on subject prefixes. | Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42, Shauer & Shauer 2000: p. 518 | |||
| Yulparija | No | 30 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | Maybe | 51 | 1 |
| Language |
|---|
Showing 1 to 193 of 193 entries