Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Timbisha |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 102 |
|
|
|
Resígaro |
no |
No indication of such a construction in the discussion of verb group, verb piece, or verb phrase. |
Allin, 1976: 204, 212, 219 |
|
|
|
Bare |
no info |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995 |
|
|
|
Piapoco |
yes |
|
Galindo, 2002: 301 |
|
|
|
Yukuna |
no info |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 1978; Shauer & Shauer, 2000 |
|
|
|
Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 68 |
|
|
|
Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
Wayuu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Tariana |
yes |
The verb is repeated to experss epistemic possibility. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 449 |
|
|
|
Apurinã |
no info |
|
Facundes, 2000 |
|
|
|
Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1981; Payne 1983 |
|
|
|
Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:41 |
|
|
|
Yanesha' |
no info |
|
Duff-Tripp |
|
|
|
Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Baure |
no info |
|
Danielsen 2007 |
|
|
|
Nanti |
no info |
|
Michael, 2008 |
|
|
|
Paresi |
yes |
|
Rowan and Burgess 1979:44-5 |
|
|
|
Palikur |
yes |
|
Launey 2003:211 |
|
|
|
Yine |
no info |
|
Matteson 1965:70-81 |
|
|
|
Añun |
no info |
no discussion of mood |
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
Bora |
no info |
|
Seifart - 2005 |
|
|
|
Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 336 |
|
|
|
Makushi |
no info |
|
Abbott 1991: 117-122 |
|
|
|
Eñepa |
no |
|
Payne 2012 |
|
|
|
Pemon |
yes |
|
de Armellada 1999: 201, 202 |
|
|
|
Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
Ika |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Guaymí |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Damana |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:18; Queixalós - 2000:348-349 |
|
|
|
Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura 1993 |
|
|
|
Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:371 |
|
|
|
Northern Emberá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Ingá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Matses |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Mapudungun |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:95 |
|
|
|
Tikuna |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:459-92 |
|
|
|
Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p287 |
|
|
|
Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 138 |
|
|
|
Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
Kaingang |
yes |
particle |
Goncalves 2011:156 |
|
|
|
Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.53 |
|
|
|
Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no info |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 81 |
|
|
|
Cubeo |
yes |
desiderative |
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p.27 |
|
|
|
Kotiria |
yes |
verb 'know' in compound can mean possibility, suggestion, or ability to do V. |
Stenzel 2004 |
|
|
|
Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.64 |
|
|
|
Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.55-65 |
|
|
|
Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.97-98 |
|
|
|
Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.82 |
|
|
|
Siona |
yes |
Requires two sets of suffixes: one very similar to the subjunctive form, and one negation. |
Wheeler - 1987:173-174 |
|
|
|
Tukano |
no |
above all expresses uncertainty |
West and Welch 2004: 25: Ramirez 1997: 159 |
|
|
|
Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994 |
|
|
|
Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.98 |
|
|
|
Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990: 172, 195-197 |
|
|
|
Surui |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Karitiana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Nheengatu |
yes |
particle |
Cruz 2011:349 |
|
|
|
Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:101 |
|
|
|
Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Kokama |
yes |
marked by enclitic/particle |
Vallejos 2010:500 |
|
|
|
Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Bunuba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Warrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Worrorra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
87 |
|
|
0 |
Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yindjibarndi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Yidiny |
not done yet |
|
|
|
|
X |
Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Yandruwandha |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yalarnnga |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Wirangu |
No |
|
121, 125 |
|
|
0 |
Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 46 |
|
|
0 |
Warumungu |
No |
|
34 |
|
|
0 |
Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
Uradhi |
No info |
|
364, 381-6 |
|
|
x |
Paakantyi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
220 |
|
|
0 |
Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Nhanta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Muruwari |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
59 |
|
|
0 |
Martuthunira |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Marrgany |
No |
|
317 |
|
|
0 |
Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
390 |
|
|
0 |
Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
435 |
|
|
0 |
Kaurna |
No |
|
19 |
|
|
0 |
Kalkatungu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Jaru |
yes |
|
204 |
|
|
1 |
Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
93 |
|
|
0 |
Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
335 |
|
|
0 |
Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
155 |
|
|
0 |
Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
46 |
|
|
0 |
Dyirbal |
No |
|
123 |
|
|
0 |
Duungidjawu |
no |
|
103, 111-112 |
|
|
0 |
Djinang |
No |
|
193 |
|
|
0 |
Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dharawal |
yes |
|
55-56 |
|
|
1 |
Darkinyung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Bularnu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Biri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Arabana |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Alyawarr |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yulparija |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Wathawurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Mathi-Mathi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
77 |
|
|
0 |
Thanggati |
yes |
|
67 |
|
|
1 |
Katthang |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Panyjima |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Ngarinyeri |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Kurrama |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Githabul |
No |
|
24 |
|
|
0 |
Gunya |
No |
|
327 |
|
|
0 |
Kunjen |
No |
|
105 |
|
|
0 |
WesternTorres |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Bandjalang |
No |
|
Sharpe 78 |
|
|
0 |
Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
119 |
|
|
0 |
Arrernte |
No |
|
174 |
|
|
0 |
Kokatha |
No |
|
38 |
|
|
0 |
Karajarri |
Yes |
|
186 |
|
|
1 |
Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 287 |
|
|
0 |
Ritharrngu |
No |
|
111 |
|
|
0 |
Warrgamay |
No |
|
82 |
|
|
0 |
Warluwarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Warnman |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Djapu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Bilinarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
72 |
|
|
0 |
Narungga |
No info |
|
74 |
|
|
x |
Tharrkari |
No |
|
43 |
|
|
0 |
Wajarri |
No |
|
99 |
|
|
0 |
Warungu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yagua |
no info |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|