Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
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Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
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Achagua | n/a | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 91 | ||||
Aché | no info | |||||
Adnyamathanha | ||||||
Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 70 | 0 | |||
Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:471, 549 | ||||
Alyawarr | no | 0 | ||||
Andoke | no info | |||||
Apurinã | no | Not discussed among verbal morphology or "bound formatives" (clitics). | Facundes, 2000: 305-327, 379-410 | |||
Arabana | no | 0 | ||||
Arrernte | No | 49 | 0 | |||
Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Payne 1981; Payne 1982; Payne 1983 | ||||
Añun | no info | no discussion of evidentiality | Patte 1989 | |||
Bandjalang | No | 0 | ||||
Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
Barasano | yes | The present nonproximate indicates that the speaker views participant(s) of the event to which he is referring as visible yet removed from himself. | Jones & Jones 1991, p.83-84 | The suffix -ha is also a present nonproximate. | ||
Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
Bare | n/a | Aikhenvald, 1995 | ||||
Batyala | no info | x | ||||
Baure | no info | Danielsen 2007 | ||||
Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
Bilinarra | no | 0 | ||||
Biri | no info | x | ||||
Bora | no | Seifart - 2005 | ||||
Bularnu | no | 0 | ||||
Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
Cabecar | no info | |||||
Cahuilla | ||||||
Central Aymara | no | Levin 2004: 7 | Aymara does not seem to distinguish between visual and non-visual experience of an event. | |||
Chemehuevi | no | |||||
Comanche | ||||||
Cubeo | no | The witnessed evidential indicates that the speaker's knowledge of the action comes from his sense perception(s), e.g. sight, hearing, etc. | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 32 | no distinction made for visual (separate from other senses) | ||
Cupeño | ||||||
Damana | no | |||||
Darkinyung | no | 0 | ||||
Desano | yes | The visual evidential lets the hearer know that the speaker himself experienced the event or was a witness to it. It is used also to express truths or states that the speaker can attest to from his experience. | Miller 1999, p. 65 | The verb kari- with the visual evidential indicates that the speaker obtained his information from senses other than the visual. (the verb can occur alone but most often occurs with other verbs) | ||
Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
Dharuk | ||||||
Diyari | no | 184 | 0 | |||
Djabugay | ||||||
Djapu | no | 0 | ||||
Djinang | No | 167 | 0 | |||
Duungidjawu | no | 0 | ||||
Dyirbal | No | 0 | ||||
Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
Eñepa | no | There is an evidential which indicates first-hand information (called "direct" in the source) opposed to inferred information (called "indirect" in the source). There is no a specific evidential for visual information. Evidential distinctions are fused in | Mattei-Muller 2002:154-156 | |||
Gabrielino | ||||||
Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
Githabul | No | 22 | 0 | |||
Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
Guaymí | no info | |||||
Gugu-Badhun | no info | x | ||||
Gumbaynggirr | no | 0 | ||||
Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
Gunya | No | 326 | 0 | |||
Gupapuyngu | ||||||
Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 80 | 0 | |||
Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 0 | ||||
Hup | no | Epps 2008 | ||||
Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
Ika | yes | This is a verbal suffix or it can also be attached to the auxiliary verb | Frank 1990:77 | |||
Ingá | yes | Levinson 1978:25 | ||||
Jaru | no | 0 | ||||
Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 | ||||
Kakua | no | visually acquired info is not marked. Plain form of sentence | Bolaños fieldnotes | |||
Kalkatungu | no | 0 | ||||
Karajarri | No | 165 | 0 | |||
Karitiana | no | Everett 2006:281-4 | ||||
Katthang | no | 0 | ||||
Kaurna | No | 0 | ||||
Kawaiisu | ||||||
Kinikinau | no info | |||||
Kitanemuk | ||||||
Kogi | no info | |||||
Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010 | ||||
Kokatha | No | 28 | 0 | |||
Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.86 | Unlike other Tucanoan lanugages, Koreguaje does not contain evidential suffixes. | |||
Kotiria | yes | Stenzel 2004, p. 345 | ||||
Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 0 | ||||
Kuku Yalanji | no | 0 | ||||
Kunjen | No | 0 | ||||
Kurrama | no info | x | ||||
Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 66 | 0 | |||
Luiseño | ||||||
Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
Maipure | no info | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | ||||
Makiritare | no | Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:15-18 | No description of evidentials given in source | |||
Makuna | yes | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.47 | Evidential categories including witnessed, heard, inferred, reporting, conjecture, and future. | |||
Makushi | no | Use of various verbs convey this. | Carson 1982; Abbott 1991 | |||
Mapudungun | no | Zúñiga 2006, p. 155-9 | ||||
Marrgany | No | 0 | ||||
Martuthunira | no | 136-164 | 0 | |||
Mathi-Mathi | no | 96 | 0 | |||
Matses | no | But direct experience is coded in the evidetial system | Fleck:394-405 | |||
Mayi-Yapi | No | 0 | ||||
Minica Witoto | no | Minor and Minor 1982. p.94 | This indication is not affixed to verb but covered using demonstrative pronouns. | |||
Mpakwithi | ||||||
Muruwari | no | 0 | ||||
Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | Weir 1984 | ||||
Nanti | no | Michael, 2008. p. 323-326 | ||||
Narungga | No | 74 | 0 | |||
Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
Ngaatjatjara | No | 30 | 0 | |||
Ngarinyeri | No | 0 | ||||
Ngarinyin | ||||||
Ngayawang | No | 0 | ||||
Ngiyambaa | yes | 275 | 1 | |||
Nhanta | no info | x | ||||
Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011 | ||||
Ninam | yes | Goodwin-Gomez, p.97 | ||||
Northern Emberá | no | But information that is believed to be true or certain by the speaker takes the verbal suffix /-a/ | Mortensen 1999:86 | Catío | ||
Northern Paiute | ||||||
Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
Paakantyi | no info | X | ||||
Palikur | no info | no information on evidentials | Launey 2003 | |||
Panyjima | no | 0 | ||||
Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Ayala 1996:308-56 | ||||
Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
Pemon | no info | de Armellada 1999 | ||||
Piapoco | no | Galindo, 2002: 156-178, 299-321 | ||||
Pintupi | no info | x | ||||
Pitjantjatjara | No | Y 8 | 0 | |||
Pitta-Pitta | No | 0 | ||||
Puinave | yes | expresses visual evidence with surprise; can be used as a free morpheme; can appear bound to pronouns, nouns, and verbs | Giron 2008: p281 | |||
Páez | yes | Jung:75-6 | ||||
Quechua Ayacuchano | no | However, there is a clitic /=mi/ which expresses that the speaker is commited to the truth of his/her statement | Parker 1965:88-97 | |||
Resígaro | no | Not discussed in the formulation of the verb at various levels. | Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212 | |||
Ritharrngu | No | 71 | 0 | |||
Sanumá | yes | Borgman 1990: 165 | ||||
Serrano | ||||||
Shoshone | ||||||
Sikuani | no | no evidence of evidentials | Queixalós 1998, 2000 | |||
Siona | no info | Conveyed with word choice/semantics. | Wheeler 1987 | |||
Southern Paiute | ||||||
Southern Ute | ||||||
Surui | no info | |||||
Tanimuca | no | Strom 1992, p.90-91 | Unlike many Tucanoan languages, the evidential system in Retuarã is small and not frequently used. | |||
Tariana | yes | Aikhenvald, 2003: 289 | ||||
Thanggati | no | 0 | ||||
Tharrkari | No | 31 | 0 | |||
Tikuna | no info | |||||
Timbisha | ||||||
Tukano | yes | unmarked | Ramirez 1997: 120, 150 | |||
Uradhi | No | 363 | 0 | |||
Urarina | yes | Olawsky:496 | ||||
Wajarri | No | 96 | 0 | |||
Wakaya | no | 0 | ||||
Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
Waorani | no info | |||||
Wapishana | no | Santos 2006 | ||||
Warlpiri | no info | 0 | ||||
Warluwarra | no | 0 | ||||
Warnman | No | 45 | 0 | |||
Warrgamay | No | 52-9 | 0 | |||
Warrwa | no info | x | ||||
Warumungu | no | 0 | ||||
Warungu | no | 0 | ||||
Wathawurrung | no info | x | ||||
Waunana | no info | |||||
Wayuu | no | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800 | ||||
Wemba-Wemba | no info | x | ||||
Western Mono | ||||||
WesternTorres | no | 0 | ||||
Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
Wirangu | No | 0 | ||||
Woiwurrung | no info | x | ||||
Worrorra | no | ms15 | 0 | |||
Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
Yalarnnga | no | 0 | ||||
Yan-nhangu | ||||||
Yandruwandha | no info | x | ||||
Yanesha' | no | Duff-Tripp 1997:120-4 | ||||
Yanomami | yes | Ramirez 1994: 316-317 | ||||
Yanyuwa | no info | x | ||||
Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 63-69 | ||||
Yawuru | ||||||
Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
Yindjibarndi | no | 0 | ||||
Yindjilindji | no info | x | ||||
Yine | no | list of affixes does not mention evidentials | Matteson 1965:71-80 | |||
Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
Yir Yoront | ||||||
Yorta Yorta | no info | x | ||||
Yugambeh | ||||||
Yukuna | no | Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42 | ||||
Yulparija | No | 35 | 0 | |||
Yuwaalaraay | No | 74 | 0 |
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