| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 62 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
From the examples, it looks as though verbs must first take a nominalizing suffix before the classifier can be added. |
Allin, 1976: 153-163 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
n/a |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 21 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
The one classifier on nouns is identified as having a derivational function, although only one example is given. |
Galindo, 2002: 100 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no info |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 2000; Shauer & Shauer, 1978 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
Not listed under derivational processes. |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 46-48 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos, 2006:125 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
n/a |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald 2003: 172 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
Deverbal nouns derived using other suffixes. |
Facundes, 2000: 214-215 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1981; Payne 1983 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
Something similar is achieved by using certain suffixes (which are not classifiers) or by a special noun-verb compounding (which is not intransitivizing). |
Zamponi 2003:27-30 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
Classifiers are used as nouns in NN compounding |
Duff-Tripp 1997:38, 253-66 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
There is a suffix which can nominalize a verb however it isn't a classifier, it isn't used with every verb, and "cannot be considered to be very productive". |
Danielsen 2007: p191 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
Classifiers can be used with verbs, but they classify the notional subject of an intransitive or the notional object of a transitive. |
Michael, 2008. p. 332 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
In addition to V+classifier, suffixes can be used on nouns derive new nouns. Since there are 72 classifiers, new nouns can easily be formed. |
Seifart - 2005:58-59, 201-222 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no info |
|
Escoriaza 1959 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
nominalizers: '-toʔ' (gerundive), '-kói', plural '-kon' (perfermer of the verb), '-eŋ' (actor/one who), 'n-eŋ' (agentive), 'tɨ-…-s-eŋ' (patient, reflexive patient) |
Carson 1982: 61-4 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
Payne 2012 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1989:39-59 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:99-146 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
|
Queixalós 2000:175 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
yes |
animate and inanimate classifiers suffixed to verb derive nouns |
Buenaventura - 1993:50 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:208-14 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:15-6 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1974, 1976, 1976b |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-9 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:27, 32-46 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
Classifiers are nouns which can be joined with other to derive other nouns. It is not clear if this happens with verbs and classifiers. |
Montes 2004b:55-79, 121-152 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
|
Loewen 1954:72-76 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p183, 245 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 236 |
|
Aymara does have derivational suffixes that make verbs nouns, but I'm pretty sure those aren't classifiers. |
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.98-99 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
unclear |
Martins 2004:129 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
There are several derivational suffixes in Desano that are used to derive verbs from nouns. The most productive is -kɨ that makes a possessive verb out of a noun. |
Miller 1999, p. 110, 36 |
|
Nouns are simple nouns or forms derived from verbs by the addition of the deverbilizers -ri and -ro to form inanimate nouns, and the nominalizing suffixes -gi (masc sing), -go (fem sing), and -rã (animate plural) to form animate nouns. |
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
Deverbal animate nouns may be formed with the animate nonfuture active nominalizers or with the passive nominalizers . |
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 88-90 |
|
The animate noun põ˜e- 'person' plus a gender/number suffix may also be suffixed to a verb, forming an agentive deverbal noun meaning 'one who does X'. |
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
|
Stenzel 2007:130 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.35 |
|
verb + gender-number classifier = noun |
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
Some illustrative nouns derived from verbal radicals. |
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.18, 27 |
|
A verb or noun clause can be a suffix added to the verb. |
|
| Barasano |
yes |
Verbs may also have derivational suffixes which form nouns or adverbs. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.5 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
The affix -ri occurs after a verb root and has the function of deverbalization |
Strom 1992, p.41-42 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
yes |
|
Wheeler - 1987:101-110 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
especially with classifier suffix -sehé |
Ramirez 1997: 282 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no info |
|
Ramirez 1994 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
yes |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.120 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:296 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Zarratea 2002:121-41 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
yes? |
|
ms4.1.2 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
N/A |
|
334 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
N/A |
|
192 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
208 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
445 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
N/A |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
81-85 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
n/a |
|
25 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
N/A |
|
27 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Biri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
N/A |
|
18 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
26 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
111 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
36 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
N/A |
|
35 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
87 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
N/A |
|
52 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
N/A |
|
71 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
N/A |
|
34 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
N/A |
|
28 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warnman |
N/A |
|
14 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
n/a |
|
1.1000000000000000888 |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
N/A |
|
54 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
N/A |
|
15 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
38 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yagua |
no info |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald 2001 Baniwa classifiers |
|
|
|
