Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
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Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
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Achagua | yes | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 100 | ||||
Aché | no info | |||||
Adnyamathanha | ||||||
Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 70 | 0 | |||
Aguaruna | yes | Overall 2007:350 | more likely not | |||
Alyawarr | no info | X | ||||
Andoke | no info | |||||
Apurinã | no | Facundes, 2000: 542 | ||||
Arabana | yes | 182-3 | 1 | |||
Arrernte | No | 172 | 0 | |||
Asheninka Apurucayali | no info | Payne 1981; Payne 1982:910 | ||||
Añun | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
Bandjalang | No | 95 | 0 | |||
Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
Barasano | no | Jones & Jones 1991, p.75-82 | epps - an event that has beginning and end point. Not ongoing so "go get water" is not as a command but something that already is completed | |||
Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
Bare | no | Aikhenvald, 1995: 33 | ||||
Batyala | no info | x | ||||
Baure | yes | "irrealis marker -ʃa used for suggestions and more polite requests" | Danielsen 2007: p347 | |||
Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
Bilinarra | no info | x | ||||
Biri | no info | x | ||||
Bora | no | Seifart - 2005 | ||||
Bularnu | no info | x | ||||
Bunuba | no info | x | ||||
Cabecar | no info | |||||
Cahuilla | ||||||
Central Aymara | no | Huayhua Pari 2001: 163 | ||||
Chemehuevi | ||||||
Comanche | ||||||
Cubeo | no | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 24 | ||||
Cupeño | ||||||
Damana | no | |||||
Darkinyung | no | 44 | 0 | |||
Desano | yes | courtesy form | Miller 1999, p. 72 | |||
Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
Dharuk | ||||||
Diyari | no info | x | ||||
Djabugay | ||||||
Djapu | no info | x | ||||
Djinang | No | 191 | 0 | |||
Duungidjawu | no | 81-82 | 0 | |||
Dyirbal | No | 110-1 | 0 | |||
Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
Eñepa | no | Payne 2012:364-371 | ||||
Gabrielino | ||||||
Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
Githabul | yes | 31 | 1 | |||
Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
Guaymí | no | Quesada 2008:99-146 | ||||
Gugu-Badhun | no info | x | ||||
Gumbaynggirr | yes | 299 | 1 | |||
Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
Gunya | No | 325 | 0 | |||
Gupapuyngu | ||||||
Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 80 | 0 | |||
Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 74 | 0 | |||
Hup | yes | alternative use of Perfective aspect marker | Epps 2008 | |||
Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
Ika | no | Frank 1985:117-120 | ||||
Ingá | no | Levinson 1978:11-23 | ||||
Jaru | no info | x | ||||
Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
Kaingang | no | Goncalves 2011 | ||||
Kakua | no | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
Kalkatungu | no info | x | ||||
Karajarri | Yes | 177 | 1 | |||
Karitiana | no info | |||||
Katthang | no | 80-81 | 0 | |||
Kaurna | No | 17 | 0 | |||
Kawaiisu | ||||||
Kinikinau | no info | |||||
Kitanemuk | ||||||
Kogi | no info | |||||
Kokama | yes | Vallejos 2010:559 | ||||
Kokatha | Yes | 30 | 1 | |||
Koreguaje | yes | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.59 | ||||
Kotiria | yes | Stenzel 2004, p. 389 | ||||
Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 438 | 0 | |||
Kuku Yalanji | no | 93, 195 | 0 | |||
Kunjen | yes | 108 | 1 | |||
Kurrama | yes | 126 | 1 | |||
Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 382 | 0 | |||
Luiseño | ||||||
Macaguan | no | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003:39-42 | ||||
Makiritare | no info | Hall 1988: 346 | ||||
Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.62-64 | ||||
Makushi | yes | Abbott 1991: 49 | ||||
Mapudungun | no info | probably not | ||||
Marrgany | No | 315 | 0 | |||
Martuthunira | yes | 148-149 | 1 | |||
Mathi-Mathi | no | 98 | 0 | |||
Matses | no info | |||||
Mayi-Yapi | No | 56 | 0 | |||
Minica Witoto | no | Minor and Minor 1982. p.10 | ||||
Mpakwithi | ||||||
Muruwari | yes | 1 | ||||
Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | Weir 1984 | ||||
Nanti | yes | The polite imperative is differentiated from regular imperatives by the use of a person marker. | Michael, 2008. p. 400-401 | |||
Narungga | No info | 74 | x | |||
Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
Ngaatjatjara | No | 32 | 0 | |||
Ngarinyeri | No | 42 | 0 | |||
Ngarinyin | ||||||
Ngayawang | No | 15 | 0 | |||
Ngiyambaa | no | 158 | 0 | |||
Nhanta | no | 0 | ||||
Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011 | ||||
Ninam | no | Goodwin-Gomez, p.106 | ||||
Northern Emberá | no | Mortensen 1999:85, 96 | Catío | |||
Northern Paiute | ||||||
Nyangumarta | yes | 1 | ||||
Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
Nyulnyul | no info | x | ||||
Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
Paakantyi | yes | 207 | 1 | |||
Palikur | no | Launey 2003 | ||||
Panyjima | yes | 214 | 1 | |||
Paraguayan Guaraní | yes | This is also called "friendly" imperative | Zarratea 2002:108 | |||
Paresi | yes | There is a particle which is used with suggestions | Brandão 2010:48 | |||
Pemon | no | de Armellada 1999: 9 | ||||
Piapoco | no | Polite imperatives expressed via some sort of verbal construction. | Galindo, 2002: 270-271, 303-304 | |||
Pintupi | no | 201 | 0 | |||
Pitjantjatjara | No | Y 8 | 0 | |||
Pitta-Pitta | No | 203 | 0 | |||
Puinave | yes | Giron 2008: p395 | ||||
Páez | yes | Jung:89 | ||||
Quechua Ayacuchano | no | Polte imperatives are formed by using the second person of the verb | Soto 1976:55 | |||
Resígaro | no | Allin, 1976: 353-355 | ||||
Ritharrngu | No | 76 | 0 | |||
Sanumá | no | Borgman 1990: 73-76 | ||||
Serrano | ||||||
Shoshone | ||||||
Sikuani | yes | Verbal prefix (3s), functions as object marker of transitive verbs. | de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:46; Queixalós - 2000 | |||
Siona | no | Wheeler - 1970:93,104-105 | ||||
Southern Paiute | ||||||
Southern Ute | ||||||
Surui | no info | |||||
Tanimuca | no | Strom 1992, p.135-139 | The indirect imperative is also used for courtesy; it seems to soften a command. | |||
Tariana | yes | This is homophonous with the "present visual interrogative" marker. | Aikhenvald, 2003: 378 | |||
Thanggati | no | 47-50 | 0 | |||
Tharrkari | No | 40 | 0 | |||
Tikuna | no info | more likely not | ||||
Timbisha | ||||||
Tukano | no | West and Welch 2004 | no evidence of this | |||
Uradhi | No | 363 | 0 | |||
Urarina | no | Olawsky:569-92 | ||||
Wajarri | No | 96 | 0 | |||
Wakaya | no | 0 | ||||
Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
Wambaya | yes | 1 | ||||
Wangkumara | yes | 36 | 1 | |||
Waorani | no info | |||||
Wapishana | no | Santos, 2006:164 | ||||
Warlpiri | no info | 0 | ||||
Warluwarra | no | 868 | 0 | |||
Warnman | No | 45 | 0 | |||
Warrgamay | No | 53 | 0 | |||
Warrwa | no info | x | ||||
Warumungu | No | 33 | 0 | |||
Warungu | no info | X | ||||
Wathawurrung | no | 80 | 0 | |||
Waunana | no info | |||||
Wayuu | no | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 801 | ||||
Wemba-Wemba | no | H 44 | 0 | |||
Western Mono | ||||||
WesternTorres | no info | x | ||||
Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
Wirangu | No | 116-119 | 0 | |||
Woiwurrung | no | 76 | 0 | |||
Worrorra | no info | X | ||||
Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
Yalarnnga | no info | x | ||||
Yan-nhangu | ||||||
Yandruwandha | yes | 137 | 1 | |||
Yanesha' | no | It seems that the subjunctive mood marker has this meaning since it is used for "un deseo o una petición cortés" (polite wish or request) | Duff-Tripp 1997:115 | |||
Yanomami | no | Ramirez 1994: 324-329 | ||||
Yanyuwa | no | 0 | ||||
Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 64 | ||||
Yawuru | ||||||
Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
Yindjibarndi | yes | 167-168 | 1 | |||
Yindjilindji | no info | x | ||||
Yine | no | Matteson 1965:72-73 | ||||
Yingkarta | yes | 1 | ||||
Yir Yoront | ||||||
Yorta Yorta | no | 83 | 0 | |||
Yugambeh | ||||||
Yukuna | no | Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 523 | ||||
Yulparija | No | 35 | 0 | |||
Yuwaalaraay | No | 61 | 0 |
Language |
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