| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 100 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
|
Allin, 1976: 353-355 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 33 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
Polite imperatives expressed via some sort of verbal construction. |
Galindo, 2002: 270-271, 303-304 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 523 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 64 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos, 2006:164 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 801 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
This is homophonous with the "present visual interrogative" marker. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 378 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
|
Facundes, 2000: 542 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no info |
|
Payne 1981; Payne 1982:910 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:39-42 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
It seems that the subjunctive mood marker has this meaning since it is used for "un deseo o una petición cortés" (polite wish or request) |
Duff-Tripp 1997:115 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
"irrealis marker -ʃa used for suggestions and more polite requests" |
Danielsen 2007: p347 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
The polite imperative is differentiated from regular imperatives by the use of a person marker. |
Michael, 2008. p. 400-401 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
There is a particle which is used with suggestions |
Brandão 2010:48 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965:72-73 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no info |
|
Hall 1988: 346 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
|
Abbott 1991: 49 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
Payne 2012:364-371 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999: 9 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1985:117-120 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:99-146 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
Verbal prefix (3s), functions as object marker of transitive verbs. |
de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:46; Queixalós - 2000 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:350 |
|
more likely not |
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:85, 96 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1978:11-23 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no info |
probably not |
|
|
|
|
| Páez |
yes |
|
Jung:89 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
Polte imperatives are formed by using the second person of the verb |
Soto 1976:55 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
more likely not |
|
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:569-92 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
|
Giron 2008: p395 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 163 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
|
Goncalves 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.10 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
alternative use of Perfective aspect marker |
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
courtesy form |
Miller 1999, p. 72 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 24 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 389 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.62-64 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.59 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.75-82 |
|
epps - an event that has beginning and end point. Not ongoing so "go get water" is not as a command but something that already is completed |
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.135-139 |
|
The indirect imperative is also used for courtesy; it seems to soften a command. |
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1970:93,104-105 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
West and Welch 2004 |
|
no evidence of this |
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994: 324-329 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.106 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990: 73-76 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
This is also called "friendly" imperative |
Zarratea 2002:108 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
|
Vallejos 2010:559 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Worrorra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
83 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
167-168 |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
137 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
76 |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
116-119 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 44 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
33 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
yes |
|
36 |
|
|
1 |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
363 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
yes |
|
207 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
203 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
201 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
158 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
15 |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
56 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
148-149 |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
315 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
382 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
93, 195 |
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
438 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
17 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Jaru |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
80 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
299 |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
61 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
110-1 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
81-82 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
191 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
44 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Biri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
182-3 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
35 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
80 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
98 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
47-50 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
80-81 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
214 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
42 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
yes |
|
126 |
|
|
1 |
| Yingkarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
31 |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
325 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
yes |
|
108 |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
95 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
32 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
172 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
Yes |
|
30 |
|
|
1 |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
177 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 8 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
76 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
53 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
868 |
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bilinarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
74 |
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
40 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
96 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
