Pronominal subjects: pronouns in subject position
- Category
- Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking
- Notes
- Pronominal subjects are free pronouns that occur in the same position as full NP subjects
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | yes | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 23 | ||||
| Aché | yes | Rossler 2008:74 | ||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | Yes | 67 | 1 | |||
| Aguaruna | yes | Overall 2007:214 | However, pronouns usually appear to mark contrast or disambiguate a sentence | |||
| Alyawarr | yes | 129 | 1 | |||
| Andoke | no info | |||||
| Apurinã | yes | Facundes doesn't discuss this directly. However, in a corpus analysis, subjects (both NP and pronoun) were overwhlemingly preverbal. | Facundes, 2000: 464, 557 | |||
| Arabana | yes | examples throughout | 1 | |||
| Arrernte | Yes | 101 | 1 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Payne 1982:2324 | ||||
| Añun | no | normally, subject is marked as prefix on verb | Patte 1989 | |||
| Bandjalang | yes | 106 | 1 | |||
| Baniwa | yes | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | yes | A personal pronoun is very often a noun phrase in the subject position and is used in the noun phrase to enhance definiteness. | Jones & Jones 1991, p.31 | |||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | yes | Independent pronouns are used more frequently that in other North-Arawak languages | Aikhenvald, 1995: 22 | |||
| Batyala | Yes | 3 | 1 | |||
| Baure | yes | Danielsen 2007:92-6 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | yes | 1 | ||||
| Bilinarra | yes | 1 | ||||
| Biri | yes | 23-7 | 1 | |||
| Bora | yes | However, the pronominal subject can also be an affix on the verb, occuring as a classifier. The recipient would then take an accusative affix in the subject position. | Seifart - 2005:52-54 | |||
| Bularnu | no info | 87 | x | |||
| Bunuba | yes | 1 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | no | |||||
| Central Aymara | yes | Huayhua Pari 2001: 202 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | yes | |||||
| Comanche | no | |||||
| Cubeo | yes | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 142 | ||||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | yes | |||||
| Darkinyung | yes | 28 | 1 | |||
| Desano | yes | Miller 1999, p. 123 | ||||
| Dharawal | yes | 49-50 | 1 | |||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | yes | 1 | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | yes | 51-2 | 1 | |||
| Djinang | Yes | 136 | 1 | |||
| Duungidjawu | yes | 52 | 1 | |||
| Dyirbal | yes | 291 | 1 | |||
| Dâw | yes | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | yes | in non-past perfective, only O is referenced on the verb | Payne 2012:153 | |||
| Gabrielino | yes | |||||
| Garrwa | yes | examples throughout | 1 | |||
| Githabul | yes | 42 | 1 | |||
| Gooniyandi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Guaymí | yes | Alphonse 1956:8, Quesada 2008:69 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | yes | 1 | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | yes | 342 | 1 | |||
| Guna | yes | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | yes | 335 | 1 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | yes | 65 | 1 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | yes | 45 | 1 | |||
| Hup | yes | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | yes | Frank 1990:25 | ||||
| Ingá | yes | Levinson 1974, 1976, 1976b. | ||||
| Jaru | no info | 211-2 | x | |||
| Jingulu | yes | 1 | ||||
| Kaingang | yes | pronoun seems to occupy subject position in examples | Goncalves 2011:34 | |||
| Kakua | yes | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | yes? | cf 43 (3.37 and 8) | 1 | |||
| Karajarri | No | 227 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | yes | Everett 2006:302 | ||||
| Katthang | yes | 63-65, 106 | 1 | |||
| Kaurna | yes | 16 | 1 | |||
| Kawaiisu | no | |||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | no | |||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | yes | Vallejos 2010 | ||||
| Kokatha | Yes | 65 | 1 | |||
| Koreguaje | yes | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.31 | ||||
| Kotiria | yes | Stenzel 2004, p. 217 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | yes | 397 | 1 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | yes | 1 | ||||
| Kunjen | No | 92 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | yes | cf 76, 3.1 | 1 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | Yes | 216 | 1 | |||
| Luiseño | no | |||||
| Macaguan | yes | can occur, can also be marked on verb | Buenaventura - 1993 | |||
| Maipure | yes | Zamponi 2003:37 | ||||
| Makiritare | yes | free pronouns can occur | Hall 1988: 281 | |||
| Makuna | yes | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.35-36 | ||||
| Makushi | yes | Abbott 1991: 99-100 | ||||
| Mapudungun | yes | Zúñiga 2006, p. 96-9 | ||||
| Marrgany | yes | 335 | 1 | |||
| Martuthunira | yes | 100-109 | 1 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | yes | 91 | 1 | |||
| Matses | yes | Fleck:240 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | yes | 53-54, 64 | 1 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | no evidence | Minor and Minor 1982. p.71-82 | |||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | yes | 91 | 1 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | yes | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | no | There are free pronouns that can be used, but these are focused pronouns that occur along with a verbal person-marking proclitic, whereas non-focused referential NPs and person-marking on the verb are in complementary distribution. | Michael, 2008. p. 345 | |||
| Narungga | Yes | 74 | 1 | |||
| Naso | yes | may also be attached to V | Quesada 2000 | |||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 55 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | yes | 43 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | yes | 10 | 1 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | yes | 88 | 1 | |||
| Nhanta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nheengatu | yes | Cruz 2011:141 | ||||
| Ninam | yes | not obligatory | Goodwin-Gomez, p.47-51 | |||
| Northern Emberá | yes | Mortensen 1999:43 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Nyangumarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyikina | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | yes | 156, 159-160 | 1 | |||
| Palikur | yes | Green and Green 1972:3 | ||||
| Panyjima | yes | 156-159 | 1 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | yes | Ayala 1996:28-9 | ||||
| Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
| Pemon | yes | de Armellada 1999:16-25 | ||||
| Piapoco | no | Pronominal subjects appear prefixed t verb. | Galindo, 2002: 157-159 | |||
| Pintupi | yes | 103 | 1 | |||
| Pitjantjatjara | Yes | Y 22 | 1 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | yes | 214 | 1 | |||
| Puinave | yes | Giron 2008: p169 | ||||
| Páez | yes | Jung:136-8 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | yes | Soto 1976:65 | ||||
| Resígaro | no | Allin, 1976: 318 | ||||
| Ritharrngu | Yes | 43 | 1 | |||
| Sanumá | yes | Borman 1990:149 | ||||
| Serrano | no | |||||
| Shoshone | yes | |||||
| Sikuani | yes | Queixalós 2000 | ||||
| Siona | yes | Wheeler - 1970:141 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Southern Ute | yes | |||||
| Surui | yes | Van der Meer (?):7 | ||||
| Tanimuca | no | Subject pronouns are usually cliticized and prefixed to the verb. | Strom 1992, p.115 | Free subject pronouns are always postverbal in negative declaritive sentences. | ||
| Tariana | no | Pronouns seem to have special restrictions on their placement, usually preceding the predicate. | Aikhenvald, 2003: 565 | |||
| Thanggati | yes | 81 | 1 | |||
| Tharrkari | Yes | 16 | 1 | |||
| Tikuna | yes | Montes 2005:135 | ||||
| Timbisha | yes | |||||
| Tukano | yes | West and Welch 2004: 22; Ramirez 1997 | ||||
| Uradhi | Yes | 352 | 1 | |||
| Urarina | yes | However, pronouns are usually used to express enphasis | Olawsky:213 | |||
| Wajarri | Yes | 77 | 1 | |||
| Wakaya | yes | 1 | ||||
| Walmajarri | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wambaya | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wangkumara | yes | r26 | 1 | |||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | yes | In addition to pronominal prefixes. Do not usually co-occur; prefixes typically occur when there are multiple arguments, rather than just a subject/object. | Santos 2006 | |||
| Warlpiri | yes | 1 | ||||
| Warluwarra | yes | 1 | ||||
| Warnman | Yes | 13 | 1 | |||
| Warrgamay | Yes | 45 | 1 | |||
| Warrwa | yes | 1 | ||||
| Warumungu | yes | 55 | 1 | |||
| Warungu | yes | 452 | 1 | |||
| Wathawurrung | yes | 76 | 1 | |||
| Waunana | yes | Loewen 1954:83-84 | ||||
| Wayuu | yes | No distinction between pronominal subjects and subjects that are full NPs in the sentence structure given in Mansen and Captain (2000). | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 803 | |||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 50-51 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | no | |||||
| WesternTorres | yes | examples throughout | 1 | |||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | yes | 73-4 | 1 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no | 73-74 | 0 | |||
| Worrorra | yes | examples throughout | 1 | |||
| Yagua | no | almost always Set I clitics | Payne and Payne 1990:361 | |||
| Yalarnnga | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | yes | 47 | 1 | |||
| Yanesha' | yes | Duff-Tripp 1997:61 | ||||
| Yanomami | yes | not obligatory as free pronouns | Ramirez 1994: 209-213 | |||
| Yanyuwa | yes | 12 | 1 | |||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 60-61 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | yes | cf text 6, sentence 1 (203) | 1 | |||
| Yindjilindji | yes | 509 | 1 | |||
| Yine | no | rarely, they are mostly verbal markers | Matteson 1965 | |||
| Yingkarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | yes | 83, 104 | 1 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | yes | There are "complete pronouns" in addition to verbal prefixes, but no examples or indication of their uses. However, no differences are noted in word order for sentences with NP subjects and pronominal subjects. | Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 18 | |||
| Yulparija | Yes | 29 | 1 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | Yes | 51 | 1 |
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