| Cahuilla |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 23 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
|
Allin, 1976: 318 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
Independent pronouns are used more frequently that in other North-Arawak languages |
Aikhenvald, 1995: 22 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
Pronominal subjects appear prefixed t verb. |
Galindo, 2002: 157-159 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
There are "complete pronouns" in addition to verbal prefixes, but no examples or indication of their uses. However, no differences are noted in word order for sentences with NP subjects and pronominal subjects. |
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 18 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 60-61 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
In addition to pronominal prefixes. Do not usually co-occur; prefixes typically occur when there are multiple arguments, rather than just a subject/object. |
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
No distinction between pronominal subjects and subjects that are full NPs in the sentence structure given in Mansen and Captain (2000). |
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 803 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
Pronouns seem to have special restrictions on their placement, usually preceding the predicate. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 565 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
Facundes doesn't discuss this directly. However, in a corpus analysis, subjects (both NP and pronoun) were overwhlemingly preverbal. |
Facundes, 2000: 464, 557 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1982:2324 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
|
Zamponi 2003:37 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:61 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
|
Danielsen 2007:92-6 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
There are free pronouns that can be used, but these are focused pronouns that occur along with a verbal person-marking proclitic, whereas non-focused referential NPs and person-marking on the verb are in complementary distribution. |
Michael, 2008. p. 345 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
|
Green and Green 1972:3 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
rarely, they are mostly verbal markers |
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
normally, subject is marked as prefix on verb |
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
However, the pronominal subject can also be an affix on the verb, occuring as a classifier. The recipient would then take an accusative affix in the subject position. |
Seifart - 2005:52-54 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
free pronouns can occur |
Hall 1988: 281 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
|
Abbott 1991: 99-100 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
in non-past perfective, only O is referenced on the verb |
Payne 2012:153 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
|
de Armellada 1999:16-25 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
yes |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
yes |
may also be attached to V |
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
|
Frank 1990:25 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
|
Alphonse 1956:8, Quesada 2008:69 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
|
Queixalós 2000 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
yes |
can occur, can also be marked on verb |
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:214 |
|
However, pronouns usually appear to mark contrast or disambiguate a sentence |
|
| Northern Emberá |
yes |
|
Mortensen 1999:43 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
yes |
|
Levinson 1974, 1976, 1976b. |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
|
Fleck:240 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
yes |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 96-9 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
yes |
|
Jung:136-8 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
|
Soto 1976:65 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
|
Montes 2005:135 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
However, pronouns are usually used to express enphasis |
Olawsky:213 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
|
Loewen 1954:83-84 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
|
Giron 2008: p169 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 202 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
yes |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
yes |
pronoun seems to occupy subject position in examples |
Goncalves 2011:34 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
no evidence |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.71-82 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
|
Miller 1999, p. 123 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 142 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 217 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.35-36 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.31 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
A personal pronoun is very often a noun phrase in the subject position and is used in the noun phrase to enhance definiteness. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.31 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
Subject pronouns are usually cliticized and prefixed to the verb. |
Strom 1992, p.115 |
|
Free subject pronouns are always postverbal in negative declaritive sentences. |
|
| Siona |
yes |
|
Wheeler - 1970:141 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
|
West and Welch 2004: 22; Ramirez 1997 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
not obligatory as free pronouns |
Ramirez 1994: 209-213 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
yes |
not obligatory |
Goodwin-Gomez, p.47-51 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
yes |
|
Borman 1990:149 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
yes |
|
Van der Meer (?):7 |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
yes |
|
Everett 2006:302 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
yes |
|
Cruz 2011:141 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
|
Ayala 1996:28-9 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
yes |
|
Rossler 2008:74 |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
|
Vallejos 2010 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Walmajarri |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Nyulnyul |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warrwa |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
examples throughout |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
yes |
|
examples throughout |
|
|
1 |
| Gooniyandi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
yes |
|
83, 104 |
|
|
1 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
cf text 6, sentence 1 (203) |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
12 |
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
47 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
73-74 |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
yes |
|
73-4 |
|
|
1 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 50-51 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
55 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
yes |
|
r26 |
|
|
1 |
| Uradhi |
Yes |
|
352 |
|
|
1 |
| Paakantyi |
yes |
|
156, 159-160 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
yes |
|
214 |
|
|
1 |
| Pintupi |
yes |
|
103 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
88 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
yes |
|
10 |
|
|
1 |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
91 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
yes |
|
53-54, 64 |
|
|
1 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
100-109 |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
yes |
|
335 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
216 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
397 |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
yes |
|
16 |
|
|
1 |
| Kalkatungu |
yes? |
|
cf 43 (3.37 and 8) |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
no info |
|
211-2 |
|
|
x |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
yes |
|
65 |
|
|
1 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
342 |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
51 |
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
yes |
|
291 |
|
|
1 |
| Duungidjawu |
yes |
|
52 |
|
|
1 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
136 |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
yes |
|
49-50 |
|
|
1 |
| Darkinyung |
yes |
|
28 |
|
|
1 |
| Bularnu |
no info |
|
87 |
|
|
x |
| Biri |
yes |
|
23-7 |
|
|
1 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Batyala |
Yes |
|
3 |
|
|
1 |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
examples throughout |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
129 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
Yes |
|
29 |
|
|
1 |
| Wathawurrung |
yes |
|
76 |
|
|
1 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
yes |
|
91 |
|
|
1 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
yes |
|
45 |
|
|
1 |
| Thanggati |
yes |
|
81 |
|
|
1 |
| Katthang |
yes |
|
63-65, 106 |
|
|
1 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
156-159 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
yes |
|
43 |
|
|
1 |
| Kurrama |
yes |
|
cf 76, 3.1 |
|
|
1 |
| Yingkarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
42 |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
yes |
|
335 |
|
|
1 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
92 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
yes |
|
examples throughout |
|
|
1 |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
yes |
|
509 |
|
|
1 |
| Bandjalang |
yes |
|
106 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
101 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
Yes |
|
65 |
|
|
1 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
227 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
Y 22 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
43 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
Yes |
|
45 |
|
|
1 |
| Warluwarra |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warnman |
Yes |
|
13 |
|
|
1 |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
51-2 |
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
Yes |
|
67 |
|
|
1 |
| Narungga |
Yes |
|
74 |
|
|
1 |
| Tharrkari |
Yes |
|
16 |
|
|
1 |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
77 |
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
yes |
|
452 |
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
almost always Set I clitics |
Payne and Payne 1990:361 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
