| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
There is a subclass of animates that receives the number and gender marking |
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 22 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
n/a |
Sex distinction in third-person pronouns, including incorporated pronouns that appear in the absence of a full NP subject, but these don't seem to be noun classes. |
Allin 1976: 150-176, 223 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
Gender is only marked in predicate and head-modifier constructions |
Aikhenvald, 1995: 19 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
|
Galindo, 2002: 99 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 519 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 36 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
|
Santos, 2006:139 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
Masculine vs. non-masculine |
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 797 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald 2003: 87 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
noun classes are masculine and feminine |
Facunes, 2000: 218 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
Masc./non-masc |
Mihas 2010:122 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
Masculine is unmarked. |
Zamponi 2003:25-26 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:253-66 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
"Gender is an inherent category in Baure, and it is mainly biological, not grammatical." |
Danielsen 2007: p100 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 294 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
|
Launey 2003:98-99 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
yes |
non-masculine, masculine |
Patte 1989:54 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:208 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 287 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
"Macuxi does not make productive use of grammatical gender." |
Carson 1992: 77 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
Payne 2012 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999: 48 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1989:22 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no |
|
Bertoglia 1983:3-13 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Alphonse 1956:3 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
masculine and feminine |
Queixalós 1998:31 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:124-5 |
|
Only four nouns are distinguished lexically for gender. |
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:15-6 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
There is some evidence of grammatical gender, but data is inconclusive so far; will note this and return to the question once a more definite answer can be given |
Levinson 1974, 1976, 1976b |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:240 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-9 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
|
Rojas:173-80, Jung:133-4 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:27 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
Feminine and masculine are distinguished where the feminine is the unmarked term |
Montes 2005:137 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
class 3-1: masculine animal, class 3-2: feminine animal |
Landaburu 1979: p.131 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
author states that this is restricted to human/human-like beings, however, the examples contradict this. (broadens to other animates as well) |
Giron 2008: p185 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Deza Galindo 1992: 75 |
|
Gender does not however seem to be obligatorily marked on nouns. And I don't think it's marked on verbs at all. |
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
humans |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.31-35 |
|
Most nouns do not indicate gender, however; some are inherently masculine or feminine. These are usually distinguished by the endings of -a (masculine) or -o (feminine). |
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
for nonhuman animates sex is assumed as male unless the word for women is added |
Miller 1999, p.21 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
The most common noun gender/number suffixes used on human nouns are: -kɨ 'masculine singular', -ko 'feminine singular', and -wA 'plural.' |
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 77 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 128 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.33 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.15-16 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.20 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
|
Strom 1992, p.10 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
yes |
masc, fem respectively |
Wheeler 1987:106 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
|
West and Welch 2004: various pages (37 in particular) |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994: p.142-151; p.112 |
|
no gender distinctions in person/number clitics (p.112), no indication of gender distinctions in classifiers list starting on p.142 |
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.119-120 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990: p. 144-151 |
|
no mention of sex distinction |
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:296 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
But most of the nouns have masculine gender and a noun with feminine gender has to be specified as such lexically in most cases |
Zarratea 2002:121-41 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
23-4 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
no |
|
4-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
46-47 |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
4 |
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
yes |
|
1 |
|
|
1 |
| Uradhi |
N/A |
|
334 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
N/A |
|
192 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Marrgany |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
83 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
446-7 |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
29 |
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
254 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
N/A |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
yes |
|
307 |
|
|
1 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
25 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
27 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
60 |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
136 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
N/A |
|
18 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
8 |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
78 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
yes |
|
FO 122 |
|
|
1 |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
145 |
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
yes |
|
43 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
35 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
86 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
52 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
N/A |
|
71 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 11 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
34 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
N/A |
|
28 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
881 |
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
N/A |
|
14 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
32-3 |
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
n/a |
|
1.1000000000000000888 |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
N/A |
|
54 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
N/A |
|
15 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
38 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:446 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald 2001 Baniwa classifiers |
|
|
|
