| Cahuilla |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no info |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
No mention of associative among other dual and plural markers. |
Allin, 1976: 164 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
The suffix -nu is used with animates, but also to give a collective sense. |
Aikhenvald, 1995: 18 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 98-109 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 519 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 36 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no info |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 797 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
The use of the regular plural marker on any noun with a human referent gives an associative reading. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 165 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
No discussion of associative plural marker among other number markers. |
Facundes, 2000: 260-263 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1981; Payne 1983 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:26-8 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no info |
|
Danielsen 2007 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 297 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
different collective forms |
Launey 2003:96 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:52-57 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 101-3, 282-3 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Carson 1982: 89 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no info |
|
Payne 2012:68, 131-134 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
These are postpositions |
de Armellada 1999: 53 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
yes |
only for a limited # of nouns |
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
more likely noy |
|
|
|
|
| Kogi |
yes |
Based on the glossing of examples |
Ortiz 1994:383 |
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Damana |
no info |
data doesn't specifically state otherwise |
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no info |
|
more likely no |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
yes |
This nominal suffix "expresses an intimate relation or close association between two or more people or objects." |
Levinson 1976b:54 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:242, 272-3 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no info |
probably not |
|
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:32-46 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kakua |
yes |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
The suffix -ri indicates associative with something or someone, benefactive for someone, or to mark a specific location. (not unique to associative) |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.37 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no info |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
the marker '-sã' is used when the speaker knows the hearer is aware of the people that would be with the person whose name is given |
Miller 1999, p. 53 |
|
Marker -sã 'also' gives a plural meaning 'in addition to the others' |
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
The suffix -xã 'associative' is used on animate nouns to mean 'this one and those associated with him or her.' |
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 99 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
but comitative marker may have historically been an associative |
Stenzel 2004 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.33-36 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.51 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.20 |
|
Barasano uses the noun bẽsa (animate group) to refer to 'and those with him'. |
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.50-57 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1987:135-136 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
Ramirez 1997 |
|
no evidence for this |
|
| Yanomami |
no info |
|
Ramirez 1994 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no info |
|
Goodwin-Gomez |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no info |
|
Borgman 1990 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:296 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no info |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Zarratea 2002:137-8 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wambaya |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bunuba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
ms9.1 |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warlpiri |
yes? |
|
n23 |
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no info |
|
59 |
|
|
x |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
not done yet |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
42-3 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 28-31 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
24, 27 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
353 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
103 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
39 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
97 |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
312 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
213 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
388 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
287 |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
43 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
241 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
40-42 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
87 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
17-18 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
No |
|
4 |
|
|
0 |
| Arabana |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
19 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
90 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
64 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
18-19 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
48 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
8 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
312 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
29 |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
89 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
54 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
144 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 93 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
29 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
35 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
25 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
48 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
66 |
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
23 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
68 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no info |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no info |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
