Unique associative plural marker
- Category
- Nominal Categories - Number
- Notes
- e.g. 'John and his associates', 'John and them'
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no info | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 48 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no info | more likely no | ||||
| Alyawarr | no info | X | ||||
| Andoke | no info | |||||
| Apurinã | no | No discussion of associative plural marker among other number markers. | Facundes, 2000: 260-263 | |||
| Arabana | no | 0 | ||||
| Arrernte | No | 89 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Payne 1981; Payne 1983 | ||||
| Añun | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | No info | x | ||||
| Baniwa | no info | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | no | Jones & Jones 1991, p.20 | Barasano uses the noun bẽsa (animate group) to refer to 'and those with him'. | |||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | yes | The suffix -nu is used with animates, but also to give a collective sense. | Aikhenvald, 1995: 18 | |||
| Batyala | No | 4 | 0 | |||
| Baure | no info | Danielsen 2007 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Bilinarra | no | 0 | ||||
| Biri | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Bora | no | Seifart - 2005:52-57 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 0 | ||||
| Bunuba | no info | x | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | yes | |||||
| Central Aymara | no info | |||||
| Chemehuevi | ||||||
| Comanche | no | |||||
| Cubeo | yes | The suffix -xã 'associative' is used on animate nouns to mean 'this one and those associated with him or her.' | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 99 | |||
| Cupeño | yes | |||||
| Damana | no info | data doesn't specifically state otherwise | ||||
| Darkinyung | no | 17-18 | 0 | |||
| Desano | yes | the marker '-sã' is used when the speaker knows the hearer is aware of the people that would be with the person whose name is given | Miller 1999, p. 53 | Marker -sã 'also' gives a plural meaning 'in addition to the others' | ||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no info | x | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no | 0 | ||||
| Djinang | No | 87 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 40-42 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 241 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | no info | Payne 2012:68, 131-134 | ||||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
| Githabul | No | 8 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no info | x | ||||
| Guaymí | no info | |||||
| Gugu-Badhun | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | yes | 287 | 1 | |||
| Guna | yes | only for a limited # of nouns | Smith texts | |||
| Gunya | No | 312 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No info | x | ||||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 64 | 0 | |||
| Hup | yes | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | no | more likely noy | ||||
| Ingá | yes | This nominal suffix "expresses an intimate relation or close association between two or more people or objects." | Levinson 1976b:54 | |||
| Jaru | no | 0 | ||||
| Jingulu | no info | x | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | yes | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Karajarri | No | 144 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no | Everett 2006:296 | ||||
| Katthang | no | 48 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | No info | x | ||||
| Kawaiisu | ||||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | yes | Based on the glossing of examples | Ortiz 1994:383 | |||
| Kokama | no | |||||
| Kokatha | No | 54 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | yes | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.51 | ||||
| Kotiria | no | but comitative marker may have historically been an associative | Stenzel 2004 | |||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 388 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 55 | 0 | |||
| Kunjen | No info | x | ||||
| Kurrama | no | 0 | ||||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 213 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | ||||||
| Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Hall 1988: 101-3, 282-3 | ||||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.33-36 | ||||
| Makushi | no | Carson 1982: 89 | ||||
| Mapudungun | no info | probably not | ||||
| Marrgany | No | 312 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | yes | 97 | 1 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 90 | 0 | |||
| Matses | no | Fleck:242, 272-3 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 39 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | The suffix -ri indicates associative with something or someone, benefactive for someone, or to mark a specific location. (not unique to associative) | Minor and Minor 1982. p.37 | |||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no info | x | ||||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no info | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | no | Michael, 2008. p. 297 | ||||
| Narungga | No info | 66 | x | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | yes | 29 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No info | x | ||||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No info | x | ||||
| Ngiyambaa | yes | 103 | 1 | |||
| Nhanta | no info | x | ||||
| Nheengatu | no info | Cruz 2011 | ||||
| Ninam | no info | Goodwin-Gomez | ||||
| Northern Emberá | no info | |||||
| Northern Paiute | no | |||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no info | x | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no | 0 | ||||
| Palikur | yes | different collective forms | Launey 2003:96 | |||
| Panyjima | no | 0 | ||||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Zarratea 2002:137-8 | ||||
| Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
| Pemon | yes | These are postpositions | de Armellada 1999: 53 | |||
| Piapoco | no | Galindo, 2002: 98-109 | ||||
| Pintupi | no info | x | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | G 93 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No info | x | ||||
| Puinave | no info | |||||
| Páez | no info | |||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no | Parker 1965:32-46 | ||||
| Resígaro | no | No mention of associative among other dual and plural markers. | Allin, 1976: 164 | |||
| Ritharrngu | No | 29 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no info | Borgman 1990 | ||||
| Serrano | yes | |||||
| Shoshone | ||||||
| Sikuani | no | de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000 | ||||
| Siona | no | Wheeler - 1987:135-136 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | no | |||||
| Southern Ute | ||||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | no | Strom 1992, p.50-57 | ||||
| Tariana | no | The use of the regular plural marker on any noun with a human referent gives an associative reading. | Aikhenvald, 2003: 165 | |||
| Thanggati | no | 18-19 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 23 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no info | |||||
| Timbisha | ||||||
| Tukano | no | Ramirez 1997 | no evidence for this | |||
| Uradhi | No | 353 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no info | |||||
| Wajarri | No | 68 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | no info | x | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no info | Santos 2006 | ||||
| Warlpiri | yes? | n23 | 1 | |||
| Warluwarra | no | 0 | ||||
| Warnman | No | 25 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 35 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no info | x | ||||
| Warumungu | No | 24, 27 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | no info | X | ||||
| Wathawurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | no | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 797 | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 28-31 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | yes | |||||
| WesternTorres | no | 0 | ||||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | No | 42-3 | 0 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no | 0 | ||||
| Worrorra | no | ms9.1 | 0 | |||
| Yagua | no info | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no info | x | ||||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no info | x | ||||
| Yanesha' | no | Duff-Tripp 1997:26-8 | ||||
| Yanomami | no info | Ramirez 1994 | ||||
| Yanyuwa | no info | x | ||||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 36 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | not done yet | X | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjilindji | no info | x | ||||
| Yine | no | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no info | 59 | x | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no | Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 519 | ||||
| Yulparija | No | 19 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 43 | 0 |
| Language |
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