| Cahuilla |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 131 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
|
Allin, 1976: 302-303 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 33 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
|
Galindo, 2002: 204 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 523 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 64 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 804 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 400 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
|
Facundes, 2000: 530-533 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
|
Payne 1982:19 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
|
Zamponi 2003:38 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
The word ama "not" |
Duff-Tripp 1997:179 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
yes |
Based on examples |
Couto 2005:56 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
preverbal particle /nka/; "used for general negation of a predicate" |
Danielsen 2007: p338 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
A clitic that attaches phonologically to whatever is to the right. |
Michael, 2008. p. 379-380 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
|
Brandão 2010:51-2 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
|
Green and Green 1972:42-3 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
no discussion of negation |
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989:100 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:72 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 345 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
|
Abbott 1991: 55 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
|
Thomas Payne 1989:42 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
|
de Armellada 1999: 237, 238 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
yes |
prohibitive, volitional neg., ability negative |
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
yes |
negator particle |
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1985:120-121 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
yes |
|
Bourland 1976:85 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
|
Quesada 2008:63-8 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
Williams 1993:90-93 |
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:67; Queixalós - 2000:14, 25 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
|
Buenaventura - 1993:48 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:324-6, 481-2 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:98-102 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no |
|
Peeke 1991:19 |
|
|
|
| Ingá |
yes |
|
Levinson 1974:39-40 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
|
Fleck:996 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Zúñiga 2006, 110 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
|
Jung:193 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
|
Parker 1965:22 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
|
Montes 2004b:93 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
|
Olawsky:558-62 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no |
|
Sánchez and Castro 1977:66 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
occurs at beginning of declarative |
Landaburu 1979: 100 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
|
Giron 2008: p293 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 277 |
|
jani is the negative particle that comes before the verb (you don't see it in subordinate clauses though) |
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
The particle suffixed following the actual negator (-ñe) is usually -no but varies in some instances. Example; conditional accion. |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.72-75 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 7 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 30 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 315 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.60 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.61-62 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
Negative particles bẽhe (J) / bẽ (E) follows nouns, pronouns, postpositional phrases, adjectives, and adverbs. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.128 |
|
It always occurs somewhere before the verb. The scope of negation is limited to the item which it follows. |
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.145 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1987:151 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
West and Welch 2004: 23, 116; Ramirez 1997: 151 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994: 313-314 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
yes |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.102 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
yes |
|
Borgman 1990: 82 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:328-9 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
|
Ayala 1996:42-3 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
|
Vallejos 2010:531 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Walmajarri |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Nyulnyul |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warrwa |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
64 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
yes |
|
36-7 |
|
|
1 |
| Gooniyandi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
n237-8 |
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
yes |
|
95-6 |
|
|
1 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
156-158 |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
135 |
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
70 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
yes |
|
57 |
|
|
1 |
| Woiwurrung |
yes |
|
75, 77 |
|
|
1 |
| Wirangu |
yes |
|
141-2 |
|
|
1 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
yes |
|
H 56 |
|
|
1 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
57 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
yes |
|
39 |
|
|
1 |
| Uradhi |
Yes |
|
381 |
|
|
1 |
| Paakantyi |
yes |
|
228-229 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
yes |
|
205 |
|
|
1 |
| Pintupi |
yes |
|
78 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
127 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
239 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
yes |
|
14 |
|
|
1 |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
196 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
yes |
|
68 |
|
|
1 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
178-179 |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
yes |
|
343 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
124 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
113 |
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
436 |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
yes |
|
59 wordlist |
|
|
1 |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
98-9 |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
yes |
|
204 |
|
|
1 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
yes |
|
151 |
|
|
1 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
334-5 |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
yes |
|
155 |
|
|
1 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
107 |
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
yes |
|
117-8 |
|
|
1 |
| Duungidjawu |
yes |
|
110-111 |
|
|
1 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
146 |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
169-170 |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
yes |
|
58 |
|
|
1 |
| Darkinyung |
yes |
|
46 |
|
|
1 |
| Bularnu |
yes |
|
99 |
|
|
1 |
| Biri |
yes |
|
56-7 |
|
|
1 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
yes |
|
48, 124-6 |
|
|
1 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
236-41 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
no? |
|
56 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
Yes |
|
45 |
|
|
1 |
| Wathawurrung |
yes |
|
81 |
|
|
1 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
yes |
|
103 |
|
|
1 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
yes |
|
97-98 |
|
|
1 |
| Thanggati |
yes |
|
72, 74 |
|
|
1 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
90 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
yes |
|
48 |
|
|
1 |
| Kurrama |
yes |
|
174-175 |
|
|
1 |
| Yingkarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
30 |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
yes |
|
343 |
|
|
1 |
| Kunjen |
yes |
|
103 |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
yes |
|
FO 127 |
|
|
1 |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
109 |
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
yes |
|
504 |
|
|
1 |
| Bandjalang |
yes |
|
139 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
98 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
175 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
Yes |
|
36 |
|
|
1 |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
348 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
G 244 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
101 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
Yes |
|
82 |
|
|
1 |
| Warluwarra |
yes |
|
873 |
|
|
1 |
| Warnman |
Yes |
|
54 |
|
|
1 |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
144 |
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
yes |
|
7.4 |
|
|
1 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
Yes |
|
50 |
|
|
1 |
| Narungga |
Yes |
|
57 |
|
|
1 |
| Tharrkari |
Yes |
|
51 |
|
|
1 |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
132 |
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
yes |
|
271 |
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
