Gender inflection on adjectives within the NP
- Category
- Nominal Syntax - Adjectives
- Notes
- There is gender agreement/concord (animate/inanimate or masc/fem, etc.) within the NP, e.g. la casa blanca, el perro blanco
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | yes | Wilson & Levinsohn 1993: 33 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 61 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:137-41 | ||||
| Alyawarr | no | 0 | ||||
| Andoke | no info | |||||
| Apurinã | n/a | The language doesn’t have adjectives | Facundes, 2000: 432-344 | |||
| Arabana | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Arrernte | N/A | 86 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | yes | agreement with noun | Mihas 2010:143 | |||
| Añun | yes | Patte 1989:60 | ||||
| Bandjalang | yes | 31 | 1 | |||
| Baniwa | yes | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | yes | A descriptive noun phrase is formed by a stative verb followed by a gender-number marker or nominalizer. | Jones & Jones 1991, p.63 | or a participle and a classifier or, for humans, the word bãs- 'human' plus gender-number marker. | ||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | no | They have residual gender marking, but on page 20 she says there is no gender agreement. | Aikhenvald, 1995: 20 | |||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | yes | There are three classes of roots: 2 of which show agreement. | Danielsen 2007: p156 | |||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no | 0 | ||||
| Bilinarra | no | 0 | ||||
| Biri | no info | x | ||||
| Bora | no | Seifart - 2005:77-103 | ||||
| Bularnu | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | no | Huayhua Pari 2001: 216 to 218 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | ||||||
| Comanche | ||||||
| Cubeo | yes | Adjectives are inflected to agree in gender and number with the noun they modify (even if that noun is not overt.) | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 126 | |||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | no | |||||
| Darkinyung | no | 49 | 0 | |||
| Desano | yes | Miller 1999, p. 51 | These modifiers usually follow the head noun. However, they most often replace the head as a relative clause or a nominalized form followed by a classifier. | |||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 95; 97-98 | 0 | |||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no | 0 | ||||
| Djinang | No | 196 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 24 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 61 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | no | gender is not a relevant grammatical category | Payne 2012 | |||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Githabul | yes | 20 | 1 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | no | Quesada 2008:54 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no | 0 | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 252 | 0 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Hup | no | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | no | Based on the examples | Frank 1990:19-20 | |||
| Ingá | no | Levinson 1974:30 | ||||
| Jaru | n/a | 51 | 0 | |||
| Jingulu | yes | 1 | ||||
| Kaingang | no | not likely, since nouns do not mark gender | Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 | |||
| Kakua | no | proclitics? | Bolaños fieldnotes | |||
| Kalkatungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Karajarri | N/A | 71 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no | Everett 2006:296, 308-12 | ||||
| Katthang | no | 33 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Kawaiisu | ||||||
| Kinikinau | no | Couto 2005:48 | ||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | no | Celedón 1886:9 | ||||
| Kokama | no | author only discusses adj.-like VPs. Adj word class not apparent | Vallejos 2010 | |||
| Kokatha | No | 56 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | yes | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.36-38 | ||||
| Kotiria | yes | Stenzel 2004, p. 202 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | N/A | 386 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 0 | ||||
| Kunjen | No | 68 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | no | 0 | ||||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | N/A | 87 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | ||||||
| Macaguan | no | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003:30 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Hall 1988 | ||||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.41 | ||||
| Makushi | no | "There are no adjectives. Only nouns occur to modify nouns in noun phrases" | Abbott 1991: 129 | |||
| Mapudungun | no | Zúñiga 2006, p. 187-9 | ||||
| Marrgany | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Martuthunira | no | 63-99 | 0 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 73 | 0 | |||
| Matses | no | Fleck:462-521 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 34 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | Minor and Minor. 1982. p.31 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no | 0 | ||||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | no | Derived adjectives do not exhibit animacy or gender agreement. Among derived adjectives, gender and animacy agreement is rare. | Michael, 2008. p. 311-312 | |||
| Narungga | N/A | 63 | 0 | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 40 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No | 9 | 0 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | no | 0 | ||||
| Nhanta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011 | ||||
| Ninam | no | Goodwin-Gomez | no evidence for this. | |||
| Northern Emberá | no | Aguirre 1999:43-4 | Chamí | |||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no | 0 | ||||
| Palikur | yes | Green and Green 1972:57 | ||||
| Panyjima | no | 0 | ||||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:89 | ||||
| Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
| Pemon | no | de Armellada 1999: 253, 254 | ||||
| Piapoco | yes | Galindo, 2002: 143, 340 | ||||
| Pintupi | no | 0 | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | G 48 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Puinave | no | However, the "qualificative" word agrees in number with the NP head | Giron 2008: p296-303 | |||
| Páez | no info | |||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no | The adjective can take case suffixes when it appear alone in the NP | Parker 1965:33, Perroud 1973:25 | |||
| Resígaro | yes | Adjectives show agreement with regard to all nominal suffixes, including classifiers. | Allin, 1976: 229 | |||
| Ritharrngu | No | 34 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no | Borgman: p. 209 | no mention of this, probably not | |||
| Serrano | ||||||
| Shoshone | ||||||
| Sikuani | yes | de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000:5 | ||||
| Siona | no | Very limited instances. may agree with gender of the inanimate noun it modifies. | Wheeler - 1970:144 | |||
| Southern Paiute | ||||||
| Southern Ute | ||||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | no | The great majority of both adjectives and nouns end with the neuter noun class suffixes -a or -ka | Strom 1992, p.23-27 | |||
| Tariana | yes | All adjectives require classifier agreement with the head noun. | Aikhhenvald, 2003: 73 | |||
| Thanggati | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Tharrkari | N/A | 15 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no | Montes 2004b:55-80 | ||||
| Timbisha | ||||||
| Tukano | yes | animacy and number at least | West and Welch 2004: 62-63 | |||
| Uradhi | N/A | 334 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no | Olawsky:187-204 | ||||
| Wajarri | No | 39 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | yes | Santos 2006:179 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no | 0 | ||||
| Warluwarra | no | 0 | ||||
| Warnman | N/A | 14 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | N/A | 28 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Warumungu | N/A | 43-45 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Wathawurrung | no | 0 | ||||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | no | Only one glossed example in the section on adjectives--this doesn't have any sort of gender marking. | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 798 | |||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 26 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | ||||||
| WesternTorres | no | FO 123-4, 138 | 0 | |||
| Wiradjuri | no | m287 | 0 | |||
| Wirangu | No | 45 | 0 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no | 0 | ||||
| Worrorra | yes | 47 | 1 | |||
| Yagua | no | no gender marked in Yagua | Payne and Payne 1990 | |||
| Yalarnnga | no | 0 | ||||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no | 0 | ||||
| Yanesha' | yes | This is restricted to the classifier the adjective may take; the adjective do not agree with the head noun in number or person | Duff-Tripp 1997:52 | |||
| Yanomami | no | Lizot 1996: 32-3, Ramirez 1994: various examples | evidenced by various examples in Lizot and Ramirez | |||
| Yanyuwa | no info | x | ||||
| Yavitero | yes | In the third person, 'adjectives' take separate suffixes if they are describing a male or female referent. | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 56 | |||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjilindji | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Yine | no info | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 59 | 0 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | yes | Adjectives are marked with masculine (unmarked), feminine, or plural markers to agree with the noun they modify. | Shauer & Shauer, 2000: 302, Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 44 | |||
| Yulparija | N/A | 20 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | N/A | 30 | 0 |
| Language |
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