Causative: dedicated 'make do by proxy'
- Category
- Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing
- Notes
- Indicates that the causer does not directly cause the action of the verb to be realized, but does so by inducing someone else to carry out the action, e.g. 'John had the house painted.'
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | yes | periphrastic construction with yáa | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 95 | |||
| Aché | yes | It is a verbal prefix | Susnik 1974:38-39 | |||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 83 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no info | more likely no | ||||
| Alyawarr | no info | X | ||||
| Andoke | no info | |||||
| Apurinã | no info | Facundes, 2000 | ||||
| Arabana | no | 146-8 | 0 | |||
| Arrernte | No | 193 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Payne 1981; Payne 1982; Payne 1983 | ||||
| Añun | no info | no info on valence | Patte 1989 | |||
| Bandjalang | No | 86 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | no | Jones & Jones 1991,p.101-103 | ||||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | yes | the syntactic causative construction implies indirect action of causer over the causee | Aikhenvald, 1995: 37 | |||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | no info | more likely not | Danielsen 2007:250-2 | |||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
| Bilinarra | no info | x | ||||
| Biri | no | 40 | 0 | |||
| Bora | no info | Seifart - 2005 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 0 | ||||
| Bunuba | no info | x | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | no info | |||||
| Chemehuevi | ||||||
| Comanche | ||||||
| Cubeo | no | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 57 | ||||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | no | |||||
| Darkinyung | no info | x | ||||
| Desano | yes | verb root plus -kɨ̃ followed by the verb ii- | Miller 1999, p. 116 | |||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no info | x | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no | 75-6 | 0 | |||
| Djinang | No | 122 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 86-7 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 91 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | no | not dedicated different causative marker, but constructions of the type 'make someone do X' do exist. | Martins 2004 | |||
| Eñepa | no | |||||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
| Githabul | No | 23 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | no | Quesada 2008:181-2 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no info | x | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 306 | 0 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | No | 329 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 118 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 84 | 0 | |||
| Hup | no | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | no info | |||||
| Ingá | no info | more likely not | Levinson 1978:12 | |||
| Jaru | no info | x | ||||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | no info | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no info | x | ||||
| Karajarri | No | 195 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no info | |||||
| Katthang | no | 86 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | No | 15 | 0 | |||
| Kawaiisu | ||||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010:373 | ||||
| Kokatha | no info | x | ||||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.70 | ||||
| Kotiria | no info | Stenzel 2004, p. 207 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 412-4 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 97 | 0 | |||
| Kunjen | No info | x | ||||
| Kurrama | no | 153 | 0 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 402-5 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | ||||||
| Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Hall 1988: 131 | ||||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.64 | ||||
| Makushi | no | Abbott 1991: 40-41 | ||||
| Mapudungun | no info | Salas 1992, p.186 | ||||
| Marrgany | No | 319 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 0 | ||||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 99-101 | 0 | |||
| Matses | no info | |||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No info | x | ||||
| Minica Witoto | no | This suffix may also be used when the subject commands another to do the action as indicated by the verb. | Minor and Minor 1982. p.101-103 | |||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no info | x | ||||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no info | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | yes | There is an “influential” causative, which has the meaning that the causer made the causee carry out the action by indirect or distinctly non-coercive actions. | Michael, 2008. p. 284 | |||
| Narungga | No info | x | ||||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 71 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 59 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No info | x | ||||
| Ngiyambaa | no | 163 | 0 | |||
| Nhanta | no info | x | ||||
| Nheengatu | no info | Cruz 2011:287 | ||||
| Ninam | no | Goodwin-Gomez: 101 | no evidence for this | |||
| Northern Emberá | no info | |||||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no info | x | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no info | X | ||||
| Palikur | no | Launey 2003 | ||||
| Panyjima | no | 188-189 | 0 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no info | |||||
| Paresi | no | However, the regular causative {-ki} can have this meaning as well | Brandão 2010:35 | |||
| Pemon | no info | |||||
| Piapoco | no info | |||||
| Pintupi | no | 0 | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | G 224 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 205 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | no info | |||||
| Páez | no | Jung:102-5 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no info | |||||
| Resígaro | no | Allin, 1976: 106 | ||||
| Ritharrngu | No | 61 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no | Borgman 1990: 47-53 | ||||
| Serrano | ||||||
| Shoshone | ||||||
| Sikuani | no | de Kondo (Vol.2) - 1985:43; Queixaós - 2000:122-126 | ||||
| Siona | yes | Makes use of a detachment suffix "-yã́." This same construction can also convey alienation from a subject or the subject's intent ("She's laughing…but I don't know who she is" or "I don't know where he's gone"). | Wheeler - 1970:107 | |||
| Southern Paiute | ||||||
| Southern Ute | ||||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | no | Strom 1992, p.96 | ||||
| Tariana | no | "Indirect causation" is achieved by a serial verb construction. | Aikhenvald, 2003: 278 | |||
| Thanggati | no | 55-6 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 37 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no info | |||||
| Timbisha | ||||||
| Tukano | no | Ramirez 1997 | no evidence for this | |||
| Uradhi | No | 376 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no | Olawsky:609 | ||||
| Wajarri | No | 108 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Walmajarri | no info | x | ||||
| Wambaya | no info | x | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos 2006 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no info | 0 | ||||
| Warluwarra | no info | 956 | x | |||
| Warnman | No | 44 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 77 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no info | x | ||||
| Warumungu | No info | x | ||||
| Warungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Wathawurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | no | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 801 | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 47-50 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | ||||||
| WesternTorres | no info | x | ||||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | No | 98-9 | 0 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Worrorra | no | 11 | 0 | |||
| Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no info | x | ||||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no info | x | ||||
| Yanesha' | yes | It is marked by the reduplication of the regular causative suffix | Duff-Tripp 1997:101 | |||
| Yanomami | yes | Ramirez 1994: 248- 252 | ||||
| Yanyuwa | no info | x | ||||
| Yavitero | no info | |||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no info | x | ||||
| Yindjilindji | no info | x | ||||
| Yine | yes | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no info | x | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no info | x | ||||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no | Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 521 | ||||
| Yulparija | No | 47 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 84 | 0 |
| Language |
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