| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 27 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
No person marking, only pronominal clitics, which do have both possessive and person-tracking functions. |
Allin, 1976: 176-179 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 27 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
|
Galindo, 2002: 99, 158-159 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
|
Shauer & Shauer 2000: 297,299 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: 41, 60 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 798 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 122 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
The same as subject markers |
Facundes, 2000: 141-145 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
same as S/A affixes |
Mihas 2010:169 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
|
Zamponi 2003:21-26 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
This is true only for first and second person |
Duff-Tripp 1997:72 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
yes |
|
Couto 2005:49 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
|
Danielsen 2007:92-5 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 267, 299 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
The set of personal pronouns may function as well as possessive and verbal agreement affixes. |
Brandão 2010:14-5 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003:68 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
yes |
|
Matteson 1965:94 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
yes |
|
Patte 1989:46 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:52 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
some prefixes are shared (1st and 2nd sing.) The rest are different |
Escoriaza 1959:11-15 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
There are two other third person pronouns that occur only as free forms and their only syntactic function is to show possession. |
Abbott 1991: 100 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
|
Thomas Payne 1995:297 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
Possessive affixes are the same as the absolutive verbal affixes |
de Armellada 1999:18 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
no possessive affixes/clitics |
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
The set of verbal object pronouns is used instead of the verbal subject pronouns |
Frank 1989:22 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no |
Nouns take the genitive suffix /-tʃa/ |
Bourland 1976:57 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
There are not person markers on verbs |
Quesada 2008:99-146 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
different prefixes for possession |
de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:20; Queixalós - 2000:2-26 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:261, 361 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
Since person is not marked on the verb |
Mortensen 1999:59 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:252-4, 445 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 96-7, 104-7 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
The possessive is marked with the benefactive suffix plus the appropiate person/mood portmanteau suffix |
Jung:74, 122 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
|
Parker 1965:23 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
Some of them are not completely identical but very similar |
Montes 2004:166-167 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:331-50, 489 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
for inalienable possession, anyway |
Landaburu 1979: p.132-134 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
|
Giron 2008: p169, 206, 228 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 125, 250 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.42, 90-93 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
Genitive marker |
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p.48-49 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 82 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 194 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.40 |
|
possession is determined by word order or genitive 'ja' (which takes the same person-marking affixes) |
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.45 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.111 |
|
Numerous possessive markings. |
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
|
Strom 1992, p.129-131 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1987:124-141 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
possession is Pn N, not bound |
West and Welch 2004: 28 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
there are only possessive suffixes for 1st and 2nd person |
Ramirez 1994 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
but they are very similar |
Goodwin-Gomez: 47 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990: 126 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
yes |
|
Van der Meer (?):7, 11 |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
yes |
|
Everett 2006:300 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no info |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Ayala 1996:28-9, 46-7, 85-7 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no |
However, the possessive pronouns are the same as the personal pronouns |
Rossler 2008:75-6 |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
only because Kokama has one set of pronouns that can have different functions |
|
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
90 |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
n/a |
|
83 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no |
|
107 |
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
n/a |
|
36-50 |
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
71, 74 |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 33, 41 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
27 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
N/A |
|
352 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
yes |
|
127 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
81 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
112 |
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
N/A |
|
215 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
N/A |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
N/A |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
136 |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no |
|
48; 52-53 |
|
|
0 |
| Darkinyung |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
76, 78 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
n/a |
|
169 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
23 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
N/A |
|
15 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
153 |
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
56 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
187 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
N/A |
|
3 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
N/A |
|
302 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 125 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
24, 44 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
N/A |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
N/A |
|
23 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
N/A |
|
67 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
N/A |
|
26 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
77 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
Set I clitics mark possession |
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
A=Sa forms |
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
