Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Luiseño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Serrano |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Timbisha |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Western Mono |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Chemehuevi |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Southern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Southern Ute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Comanche |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Idaho Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Northern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Gabrielino |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 27 |
|
|
|
Resígaro |
no |
No person marking, only pronominal clitics, which do have both possessive and person-tracking functions. |
Allin, 1976: 176-179 |
|
|
|
Bare |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 27 |
|
|
|
Piapoco |
yes |
|
Galindo, 2002: 99, 158-159 |
|
|
|
Yukuna |
yes |
|
Shauer & Shauer 2000: 297,299 |
|
|
|
Yavitero |
yes |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: 41, 60 |
|
|
|
Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
Wayuu |
yes |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 798 |
|
|
|
Tariana |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 122 |
|
|
|
Apurinã |
yes |
The same as subject markers |
Facundes, 2000: 141-145 |
|
|
|
Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
same as S/A affixes |
Mihas 2010:169 |
|
|
|
Maipure |
yes |
|
Zamponi 2003:21-26 |
|
|
|
Yanesha' |
yes |
This is true only for first and second person |
Duff-Tripp 1997:72 |
|
|
|
Kinikinau |
yes |
|
Couto 2005:49 |
|
|
|
Baure |
yes |
|
Danielsen 2007:92-5 |
|
|
|
Nanti |
yes |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 267, 299 |
|
|
|
Paresi |
yes |
The set of personal pronouns may function as well as possessive and verbal agreement affixes. |
Brandão 2010:14-5 |
|
|
|
Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003:68 |
|
|
|
Yine |
yes |
|
Matteson 1965:94 |
|
|
|
Añun |
yes |
|
Patte 1989:46 |
|
|
|
Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:52 |
|
|
|
Makiritare |
no |
some prefixes are shared (1st and 2nd sing.) The rest are different |
Escoriaza 1959:11-15 |
|
|
|
Makushi |
no |
There are two other third person pronouns that occur only as free forms and their only syntactic function is to show possession. |
Abbott 1991: 100 |
|
|
|
Eñepa |
yes |
|
Thomas Payne 1995:297 |
|
|
|
Pemon |
yes |
Possessive affixes are the same as the absolutive verbal affixes |
de Armellada 1999:18 |
|
|
|
Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
Naso |
no |
no possessive affixes/clitics |
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
Ika |
yes |
The set of verbal object pronouns is used instead of the verbal subject pronouns |
Frank 1989:22 |
|
|
|
Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Cabecar |
no |
Nouns take the genitive suffix /-tʃa/ |
Bourland 1976:57 |
|
|
|
Guaymí |
no |
There are not person markers on verbs |
Quesada 2008:99-146 |
|
|
|
Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Sikuani |
no |
different prefixes for possession |
de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:20; Queixalós - 2000:2-26 |
|
|
|
Macaguan |
no |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:261, 361 |
|
|
|
Northern Emberá |
no |
Since person is not marked on the verb |
Mortensen 1999:59 |
|
Catío |
|
Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Ingá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:252-4, 445 |
|
|
|
Mapudungun |
no |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 96-7, 104-7 |
|
|
|
Páez |
no |
The possessive is marked with the benefactive suffix plus the appropiate person/mood portmanteau suffix |
Jung:74, 122 |
|
|
|
Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
|
Parker 1965:23 |
|
|
|
Tikuna |
yes |
Some of them are not completely identical but very similar |
Montes 2004:166-167 |
|
|
|
Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:331-50, 489 |
|
|
|
Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Andoke |
yes |
for inalienable possession, anyway |
Landaburu 1979: p.132-134 |
|
|
|
Puinave |
yes |
|
Giron 2008: p169, 206, 228 |
|
|
|
Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 125, 250 |
|
|
|
Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
Kaingang |
no |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
Minica Witoto |
yes |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.42, 90-93 |
|
|
|
Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
Dâw |
no |
Genitive marker |
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p.48-49 |
|
|
|
Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 82 |
|
|
|
Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 194 |
|
|
|
Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.40 |
|
possession is determined by word order or genitive 'ja' (which takes the same person-marking affixes) |
|
Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.45 |
|
|
|
Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.111 |
|
Numerous possessive markings. |
|
Tanimuca |
yes |
|
Strom 1992, p.129-131 |
|
|
|
Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1987:124-141 |
|
|
|
Tukano |
no |
possession is Pn N, not bound |
West and Welch 2004: 28 |
|
|
|
Yanomami |
no |
there are only possessive suffixes for 1st and 2nd person |
Ramirez 1994 |
|
|
|
Ninam |
no |
but they are very similar |
Goodwin-Gomez: 47 |
|
|
|
Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990: 126 |
|
|
|
Surui |
yes |
|
Van der Meer (?):7, 11 |
|
|
|
Karitiana |
yes |
|
Everett 2006:300 |
|
|
|
Nheengatu |
no info |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Ayala 1996:28-9, 46-7, 85-7 |
|
|
|
Aché |
no |
However, the possessive pronouns are the same as the personal pronouns |
Rossler 2008:75-6 |
|
|
|
Kokama |
yes |
only because Kokama has one set of pronouns that can have different functions |
|
|
|
|
Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Worrorra |
no |
|
90 |
|
|
0 |
Garrwa |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Warlpiri |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yorta Yorta |
n/a |
|
83 |
|
|
0 |
Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yindjibarndi |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Yanyuwa |
no |
|
107 |
|
|
0 |
Yandruwandha |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yalarnnga |
n/a |
|
36-50 |
|
|
0 |
Woiwurrung |
no |
|
71, 74 |
|
|
0 |
Wirangu |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 33, 41 |
|
|
0 |
Warumungu |
No |
|
27 |
|
|
0 |
Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
Uradhi |
N/A |
|
352 |
|
|
0 |
Paakantyi |
yes |
|
127 |
|
|
1 |
Pitta-Pitta |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Pintupi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Nhanta |
yes |
|
81 |
|
|
1 |
Ngiyambaa |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Ngayawang |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Muruwari |
no |
|
112 |
|
|
0 |
Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mayi-Yapi |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Martuthunira |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Marrgany |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Kuuk Thaayorre |
N/A |
|
215 |
|
|
0 |
Kuku Yalanji |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Kugu-Nganhcara |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Kaurna |
N/A |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
Kalkatungu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Jaru |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Guugu-Yimidhirr |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gumbaynggirr |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Gugu-Badhun |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Yuwaalaraay |
N/A |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
Dyirbal |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Duungidjawu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Djinang |
Yes |
|
136 |
|
|
1 |
Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dharawal |
no |
|
48; 52-53 |
|
|
0 |
Darkinyung |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Bularnu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Biri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Bidjara-Gungabula |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Arabana |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Alyawarr |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yulparija |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Wathawurrung |
no |
|
76, 78 |
|
|
0 |
Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Thanggati |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Katthang |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Panyjima |
n/a |
|
169 |
|
|
0 |
Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
23 |
|
|
0 |
Kurrama |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Yingkarta |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Githabul |
N/A |
|
15 |
|
|
0 |
Gunya |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Kunjen |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
WesternTorres |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Wakaya |
no |
|
153 |
|
|
0 |
Yindjilindji |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Bandjalang |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
56 |
|
|
0 |
Arrernte |
No |
|
187 |
|
|
0 |
Kokatha |
N/A |
|
3 |
|
|
0 |
Karajarri |
N/A |
|
302 |
|
|
0 |
Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 125 |
|
|
0 |
Ritharrngu |
No |
|
24, 44 |
|
|
0 |
Warrgamay |
N/A |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
Warluwarra |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Warnman |
N/A |
|
23 |
|
|
0 |
Djapu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Bilinarra |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Aghu-Tharnggala |
N/A |
|
67 |
|
|
0 |
Narungga |
No |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
Tharrkari |
N/A |
|
26 |
|
|
0 |
Wajarri |
No |
|
77 |
|
|
0 |
Warungu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yagua |
yes |
Set I clitics mark possession |
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
Baniwa |
yes |
A=Sa forms |
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|