Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed
- Category
- Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability
- Notes
- Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man)
| Language |
Feature Status |
Grammatical Notes |
Source |
Etymology Notes |
General Notes |
Phylogenetic Code |
| Cahuilla |
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| Cupeño |
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| Luiseño |
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| Serrano |
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| Kitanemuk |
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| Kawaiisu |
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| Timbisha |
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| Western Mono |
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| Chemehuevi |
|
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| Southern Paiute |
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| Southern Ute |
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| Shoshone |
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| Comanche |
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| Idaho Shoshone |
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| Northern Paiute |
|
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| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
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| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
Nouns for humans are inalienably possessed, but do not have to occur with another noun. |
Allin, 1976: 165 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no info |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 93 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 520 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 36 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006:102 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
Mansen and Captain (2000) note that nouns can “concatenate,” where the first can be a noun that identifies a referent (when it's a human), the race of the person follows. Examples are “wayuu viejo,” and “wayuu señorita,” to mean something like “el viejo” |
Mansen & Captain 2000: p. 798 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
Other nouns that refer to things "closely associated with people" are obligatorily possessed, but human nouns do not seem to be among this class. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 127 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
woman,' 'man,' 'male child,' and 'woman child' are all alienable nouns an can occur alone |
Facundes, 2000: 202 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1981:4953 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:21-35 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no info |
|
|
|
|
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| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
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| Baure |
yes |
|
Danielsen 2007: p120 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 297-301 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no |
|
Rowan and Burgess 1979:70 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 288-289 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
This does not appear to be the case from the Macushi texts in Abbott |
Carson 1982; Abbott 1991 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no info |
|
Payne 2012:74 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no info |
|
de Armellada 1999: 13 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1985:55-7 |
|
|
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| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
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| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
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| Guaymí |
no info |
|
|
|
|
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| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no info |
|
Overall 2007:261-2 |
|
more likely no |
|
| Northern Emberá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1978:5-11 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no info |
most likely not |
Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-102 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
|
Montes 2005:133 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:331-41 |
|
|
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| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
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| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
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| Puinave |
no info |
|
|
|
|
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| Central Aymara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
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| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
no info actually |
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p.21-23 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 77-92 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 197 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.40-41 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.15-18 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.5 |
|
In referring to animates, ya (genitive) is followed by gender-number markers. |
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.66-67 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1987:121-125 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
Ramirez 1997 |
|
no evidence for this |
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994 |
|
no discussion, but there are many examples that simply have "man" |
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.52-56 |
|
no mention of this |
|
| Sanumá |
no info |
|
Borgman 1990 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no info |
|
Everett 2006:296, 303-4 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011:156 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Ayala 1996:85-7 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010:274-276 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no? |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
76 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
78 |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 27 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
378 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
75 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
197 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
230-232 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
24 |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
313 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
325 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
428 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
wordlist |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
58 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
175 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
49 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
60-61 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
96-99 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
199 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
19 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
135 |
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
No |
|
3 |
|
|
0 |
| Arabana |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
29 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
79 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
72 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
39 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
11 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
36 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
yes |
|
68 |
|
|
1 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
34 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
313 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
38 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no |
|
524 |
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
41 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
150 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
309 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 14 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
24 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
76 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
23 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
59 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
65 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
26 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
48 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
