Generic human nouns are obligatorily bound/possessed
- Category
- Nominal Syntax - Possession - Alienability
- Notes
- Human nouns must co-occur with another noun (e.g. Hup-man, NonIndian-woman, but *man)
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 59 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no info | Overall 2007:261-2 | more likely no | |||
| Alyawarr | no | 0 | ||||
| Andoke | no info | |||||
| Apurinã | no | woman,' 'man,' 'male child,' and 'woman child' are all alienable nouns an can occur alone | Facundes, 2000: 202 | |||
| Arabana | no | 0 | ||||
| Arrernte | No | 150 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Payne 1981:4953 | ||||
| Añun | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | No | 70 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | no | Jones & Jones 1991, p.5 | In referring to animates, ya (genitive) is followed by gender-number markers. | |||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | no info | Aikhenvald, 1995 | ||||
| Batyala | No | 3 | 0 | |||
| Baure | yes | Danielsen 2007: p120 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no | 0 | ||||
| Bilinarra | no info | x | ||||
| Biri | no | 0 | ||||
| Bora | no | Seifart - 2005 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 135 | 0 | |||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | no info | |||||
| Chemehuevi | ||||||
| Comanche | ||||||
| Cubeo | no | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 77-92 | ||||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | no | |||||
| Darkinyung | no | 19 | 0 | |||
| Desano | no | Miller 1999, p.21-23 | ||||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 0 | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no | 0 | ||||
| Djinang | No | 199 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 96-99 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 60-61 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | no | no info actually | Martins 2004 | |||
| Eñepa | no info | Payne 2012:74 | ||||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
| Githabul | No | 34 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | no info | |||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no | 0 | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 175 | 0 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | No | 313 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 58 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 39 | 0 | |||
| Hup | yes | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | no | Frank 1985:55-7 | ||||
| Ingá | no | Levinson 1978:5-11 | ||||
| Jaru | no info | x | ||||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | no | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Karajarri | No | 309 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no info | Everett 2006:296, 303-4 | ||||
| Katthang | no | 36 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | No | wordlist | 0 | |||
| Kawaiisu | ||||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010:274-276 | ||||
| Kokatha | No | 55 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.15-18 | ||||
| Kotiria | no | Stenzel 2004, p. 197 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 428 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no info | x | ||||
| Kunjen | No | 38 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | no | 0 | ||||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 325 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | ||||||
| Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003:21-35 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Hall 1988: 288-289 | ||||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.40-41 | ||||
| Makushi | no | This does not appear to be the case from the Macushi texts in Abbott | Carson 1982; Abbott 1991 | |||
| Mapudungun | no info | most likely not | Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-102 | |||
| Marrgany | No | 313 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 0 | ||||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 72 | 0 | |||
| Matses | no info | |||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 45 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | Minor and Minor 1982. | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no info | x | ||||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | no | Michael, 2008. p. 297-301 | ||||
| Narungga | No | 65 | 0 | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 41 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | yes | 68 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No | 24 | 0 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | no | 230-232 | 0 | |||
| Nhanta | no info | x | ||||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011:156 | ||||
| Ninam | no | Goodwin-Gomez, p.52-56 | no mention of this | |||
| Northern Emberá | no info | |||||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no | 75 | 0 | |||
| Palikur | no | Launey 2003 | ||||
| Panyjima | no | 0 | ||||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Ayala 1996:85-7 | ||||
| Paresi | no | Rowan and Burgess 1979:70 | ||||
| Pemon | no info | de Armellada 1999: 13 | ||||
| Piapoco | no | Galindo, 2002: 93 | ||||
| Pintupi | no info | x | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | Y 14 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 197 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | no info | |||||
| Páez | no info | |||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no info | |||||
| Resígaro | no | Nouns for humans are inalienably possessed, but do not have to occur with another noun. | Allin, 1976: 165 | |||
| Ritharrngu | No | 24 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no info | Borgman 1990 | ||||
| Serrano | ||||||
| Shoshone | ||||||
| Sikuani | no | de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000 | ||||
| Siona | no | Wheeler - 1987:121-125 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | ||||||
| Southern Ute | ||||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | no | Strom 1992, p.66-67 | ||||
| Tariana | no | Other nouns that refer to things "closely associated with people" are obligatorily possessed, but human nouns do not seem to be among this class. | Aikhenvald, 2003: 127 | |||
| Thanggati | no | 11 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 26 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no | Montes 2005:133 | ||||
| Timbisha | ||||||
| Tukano | no | Ramirez 1997 | no evidence for this | |||
| Uradhi | No | 378 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no | Olawsky:331-41 | ||||
| Wajarri | No | 48 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Walmajarri | no? | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos 2006:102 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no info | 0 | ||||
| Warluwarra | no | 0 | ||||
| Warnman | No | 23 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 76 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Warumungu | No | 55 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | no info | X | ||||
| Wathawurrung | no | 79 | 0 | |||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | yes | Mansen and Captain (2000) note that nouns can “concatenate,” where the first can be a noun that identifies a referent (when it's a human), the race of the person follows. Examples are “wayuu viejo,” and “wayuu señorita,” to mean something like “el viejo” | Mansen & Captain 2000: p. 798 | |||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 27 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | ||||||
| WesternTorres | no info | x | ||||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | No | 51 | 0 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no | 78 | 0 | |||
| Worrorra | no | 0 | ||||
| Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no | 0 | ||||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no | 0 | ||||
| Yanesha' | no info | |||||
| Yanomami | no | Ramirez 1994 | no discussion, but there are many examples that simply have "man" | |||
| Yanyuwa | no info | x | ||||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 36 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjilindji | no | 524 | 0 | |||
| Yine | no | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 76 | 0 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no | Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 520 | ||||
| Yulparija | No | 29 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 49 | 0 |
| Language |
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