Polar questions: interrogative particle
- Category
- Simple Clauses - Interrogatives
- Notes
- Yes/no questions distinguished from declaratives by interrogative particle
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 122 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 168 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | yes | Overall 2007:476 | ||||
| Alyawarr | no | 127 | 0 | |||
| Andoke | yes | uncertain; modal/evidential type prefix on pronouns | Landaburu 1979: 119-122 | |||
| Apurinã | no | Facundes, 2000: 536 | ||||
| Arabana | no info | x | ||||
| Arrernte | Yes | 301 | 1 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | yes | Payne 1982:20 | ||||
| Añun | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | yes | 133 | 1 | |||
| Baniwa | yes | káphaa, clause-initial | Ramirez 2001 | |||
| Barasano | yes | The question markers are -ri, -hari, -di, -ti, one of which occurs on the main verb in both yes-no questions and question-word questions. | Jones & Jones 1991, p.115 | |||
| Bardi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Bare | no | Aikhenvald, 1995: 46 | ||||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | no | Danielsen 2007: p370 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no | 46 | 0 | |||
| Bilinarra | yes | 4.3.6 | 1 | |||
| Biri | no | 56 | 0 | |||
| Bora | yes | Seifart - 2005:69; Thiesen - 1996:66 | ||||
| Bularnu | yes | 95 | 1 | |||
| Bunuba | no info | x | ||||
| Cabecar | yes | Bourland 1976:86 | ||||
| Cahuilla | no | |||||
| Central Aymara | yes | Huayhua Pari 2001: 296 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | yes | |||||
| Comanche | yes | |||||
| Cubeo | no | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 20 | ||||
| Cupeño | no | |||||
| Damana | no | Williams 1993:118-9 | ||||
| Darkinyung | no | 53 | 0 | |||
| Desano | yes | follows noun or phrase to ask a question about the expression | Miller 1999, p. 8, 133 | |||
| Dharawal | no | 58-59 | 0 | |||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 151 | 0 | |||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | yes? | 140-1 | 1 | |||
| Djinang | Yes | 159 | 1 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 108 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 122 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | yes | It is not clear if the interrogative particle refers to polar or content question though. | Palmegiani 2002:80 | |||
| Gabrielino | yes | |||||
| Garrwa | yes | 78-80 | 1 | |||
| Githabul | yes | 45 | 1 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no info | x | ||||
| Guaymí | yes | There are five different interrogative particles | Quesada 2008:61-3 | |||
| Gugu-Badhun | yes | 152 | 1 | |||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 332 | 0 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | yes | 339 | 1 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 111, 143 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | yes | 99 | 1 | |||
| Hup | no | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | yes | |||||
| Ika | yes | This particle occurs sentence-finally | Frank 1990:6 | |||
| Ingá | yes | Levinson 1972:260-1 | ||||
| Jaru | yes | 207 | 1 | |||
| Jingulu | yes | 1 | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | yes | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | yes | 105 | 1 | |||
| Karajarri | Yes | 278 | 1 | |||
| Karitiana | yes | This particle is sentence-finally. However, the interrogative particle is optional. The main difference between interrogative and declarative sentences is that the former does not inflect for many categories as the latter does. | Everett 2006:322:3 | |||
| Katthang | yes | 100 | 1 | |||
| Kaurna | No info | x | ||||
| Kawaiisu | no | |||||
| Kinikinau | no | Souza 2008:130 | ||||
| Kitanemuk | yes | |||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010:537 | ||||
| Kokatha | No | 67 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.56 | ||||
| Kotiria | no | Stenzel 2004, p. 381 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 436 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 195 | 0 | |||
| Kunjen | yes | 58 | 1 | |||
| Kurrama | yes | 215 | 1 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | Yes | 482 | 1 | |||
| Luiseño | yes | |||||
| Macaguan | yes | Buenaventura 1993:46 | ||||
| Maipure | yes | Zamponi 2003:52 | ||||
| Makiritare | yes | Hall 1988: 344 | Example sentences seem to indicate that polar questions can take rising intonation OR interrogative particle- see pg. 344 | |||
| Makuna | yes | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.61 | replaces other suffixes | |||
| Makushi | no | Polar questions do not have any overt marking other than the intonation. The word order remains the same for declarative clauses. | Abbott 1991: 46 | |||
| Mapudungun | yes | This seems to be the same interrogative particle used for content questions. But the interrogative particle does not appear always. There may be some polar interrogatives which are only distinguished fron declaratives by intonation. | Zúñiga 2006, p. 253-61 | |||
| Marrgany | yes | 339 | 1 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 236 | 0 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no info | x | ||||
| Matses | yes | These sentences have very often an uncertainty particle on it | Fleck:984 | |||
| Mayi-Yapi | yes | 70 | 1 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | Minor and Minor 1982. p.69 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | yes | 209 | 1 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | no | Michael, 2008. p. 389-390 | ||||
| Narungga | No | 92 | 0 | |||
| Naso | yes | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 23 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | yes | 51 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No info | x | ||||
| Ngiyambaa | no | 259 | 0 | |||
| Nhanta | yes | 135 | 1 | |||
| Nheengatu | yes | Cruz 2011:343 | ||||
| Ninam | yes | Goodwin-Gomez, p.62 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | yes | Rising intonation is used along with the polar interrogative particle | Mortensen 1999:13 | Catío | ||
| Northern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Nyangumarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyikina | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no info | X | ||||
| Palikur | yes | Green and Green 1972:19 | ||||
| Panyjima | yes | 203 | 1 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | yes | Ayala 1996:37-8 | ||||
| Paresi | yes | Brandão 2010:13 | ||||
| Pemon | yes | de Armellada 1999: 145 | ||||
| Piapoco | no | Galindo, 2002: 271 | ||||
| Pintupi | no info | 196; 216 | x | |||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | Y 10 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No info | x | ||||
| Puinave | yes | This construction is usually for focalized information | Giron 2008: 391 | |||
| Páez | no | Only the mood changes | Jung:183-4 | |||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | yes | Parker 1965:92-94 | ||||
| Resígaro | yes | Allin calls these "corroborative," but all examples are polar questions. They use the same structure as basic declaratives, except for this preposed particle. | Allin, 1976: 345-346 | |||
| Ritharrngu | Yes | 56 | 1 | |||
| Sanumá | no | Only difference is the lack of the sentence-final glottal stop found in declaratives | Borgman 1990: 72-73 | |||
| Serrano | yes | |||||
| Shoshone | yes | |||||
| Sikuani | no | de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000 | ||||
| Siona | yes | Wheeler - 1987:160 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Southern Ute | yes | |||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | yes | Questions are formed by adding a question marker to an indicative clause. The question marker is usually clause initial. | Strom 1992, p.141 | Yahe does not occur in negative questions. Bai extends only to constituents of the sentence and can occur in positive or negative | ||
| Tariana | no | Aikhenvald, 2003: 502 | ||||
| Thanggati | yes | 73 | 1 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 5 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | yes | Montes 2004b:154 | ||||
| Timbisha | yes | |||||
| Tukano | no | Ramirez 1997: 143 | ||||
| Uradhi | No info | 381-2 | x | |||
| Urarina | yes | Olawsky:831 | ||||
| Wajarri | No | 137 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | yes | 108 | 1 | |||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no | 46 | 0 | |||
| Waorani | no | Orr et all. 1991:21 | ||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos 2006 | ||||
| Warlpiri | yes | LG52 | 1 | |||
| Warluwarra | yes | 871 | 1 | |||
| Warnman | Yes | 54 | 1 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 83 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | yes | 1 | ||||
| Warumungu | No | 56 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | yes | 2 | 1 | |||
| Wathawurrung | yes | 84 | 1 | |||
| Waunana | no | Sánchez and Castro 1977:65 | ||||
| Wayuu | no | The polar questions in Mansen & Mansen (1979) do not have a special interrogative particle. | Mansen & Mansen 1979 | |||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 54 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | yes | |||||
| WesternTorres | yes | FO 128 | 1 | |||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | No | 150 | 0 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Worrorra | yes | ms7.4.2, ms10.2.1.i | 1 | |||
| Yagua | yes | second position clitic | Payne and Payne 1990:308 | |||
| Yalarnnga | no info | 57 | x | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no | 67 | 0 | |||
| Yanesha' | yes | Based on example. The form is the graphemic form which as it occurs in the source | Duff-Tripp 1997:116 | |||
| Yanomami | no | Ramirez 1994: 219 | ||||
| Yanyuwa | yes | 32 | 1 | |||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 64 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | yes | 163 | 1 | |||
| Yindjilindji | yes | 504 | 1 | |||
| Yine | yes | Matteson 1965:57 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 78, 106 | 0 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | yes | Shauer and Shauer, 1978: 18, 38 | ||||
| Yulparija | Yes | 44 | 1 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | Yes | 59 | 1 |
| Language |
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