| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992:74 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
adlative and ablative markers |
Allin, 1976: 132-133 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no info |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 156-178, 299-321 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 63-69 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no info |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
The description of predicate structure does not include any directional elements. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 253-254 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
Not listed among verbal morphology or "bound formatives" (clitics). |
Facundes, 2000: 305-327, 379-410 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
There are also morphemes for arrival, departure, and "receiving." |
Payne 1983:16,100 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:37-47 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
These are verbal suffixes |
Duff-Tripp 1997:91 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
It indicates direction towards. It is a verbal suffix. |
Danielsen 2007:264 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 249 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no info |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
no discussion of evidentiality |
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:59 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 172 |
|
Not sure what's going on here- abcorporeal movement as a transitivizer? |
|
| Makushi |
yes |
|
Carson 1982: 82 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
Payne 2012 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no info |
|
de Armellada 1999: 105-95 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
yes |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
movement particles, not affixes |
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1985:60-104 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
yes |
There are around five of these suffixes |
Margery 1985:104 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:80-7 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:83 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no info |
|
|
|
more likely no |
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
Directionals are nominal elements |
Mortensen 1999:59-87 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
yes |
|
Levinson 1978:22 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
|
Fleck:364-75 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
yes |
These suffixes are more related to the location where the event takes place, or if the participants are coming in or away a reference point |
Zúñiga 2006, p. 168-72 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
|
Jung:59-61 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
Dirrectional meanings are expressed by directional suffixes attached to nouns |
Soto 1976:75 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
|
Montes 2004:166 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:459-92 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
na- is centripetal, ni- is centrifugal; si- is 'low/behind/downstream/immersion/leaving the house', yi- is 'high/in front/uphill/emergence/entering the house' |
Landaburu 1979: 188; 197-198 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p175 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 177 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
in serial verb contructions, though, when movement there is always 'go' or 'come' to indicate the direction of the movement |
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
yes |
|
Goncalves 2011:16 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.103 |
|
-mona is used to mark direction but is affixed to the noun |
|
| Hup |
yes |
go do V and return' |
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
postpositions |
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
The usual affix to indicate aciton away from the speaker is -a and towards the speaker is -ri (present) or -ra (-ri + -a past). The directional suffixes can be attached to any of the directional verbs. |
Miller 1999, p. 80-81 |
The morphology of the directional formatives, or deictic markers, suggests that they are derived from the verbs wa- 'go' and ari- 'come'. |
When these suffixes occur with 'duha' (remain at one's base), they indicate returning to one's base./ Another directional suffix -bia (omnilocative), noted by Kaye (1970:71). It has limitted distribution. |
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p.17 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 282 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.42 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.76 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
The second nominalizer used in anticipatory aspect indicates direction of the motion. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.97-98 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
There are three directionals that suffix directly to the verb root. |
Strom 1992, p.88 |
|
-raʔa 'toward', -waʔ'away', -ta 'vertical' |
|
| Siona |
no |
These elements do exist, but they are nominal classifiers and demonstratives rather than verbal affixes. |
Wheeler - 1987:134, 136 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
|
West and Welch 2004: 118-119; Ramirez 1997: 151, 160-162 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1994: 240; 273-274 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no info |
|
Goodwin-Gomez |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
yes |
|
Borgman 1990: 165 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
Directionals are attached on the noun |
Everett 2006:223-95 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Ayala 1996:308-56 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Walmajarri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
32 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
n62 |
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
83 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
149 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
yes |
|
46-7 |
|
|
1 |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
129-132 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 30 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
34 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
yes |
|
36-7, r17-18 |
|
|
1 |
| Uradhi |
Yes |
|
367 |
|
|
1 |
| Paakantyi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
225 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
77; 84; 89; 151 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
12 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
141 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
168 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
55-60 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
136-164 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
yes |
|
343 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
341 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
68 |
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
406 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
92 |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
yes |
|
208 |
|
|
1 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
80 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
322 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
158 |
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
97 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
57 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
140 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
maybe |
|
61 |
|
|
1 |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
47 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
yes |
|
81 |
|
|
1 |
| Biri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no |
|
117 |
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
204-9 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
Yes |
|
43 |
|
|
1 |
| Wathawurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
83 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
37-39 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
yes |
|
46-7 |
|
|
1 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
50 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
22 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
yes |
|
343 |
|
|
1 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
113 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
218 |
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
yes |
|
511 |
|
|
1 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
103 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
88 |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
207 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
28 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
112 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
G 240 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
71 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
Maybe |
|
58 |
|
|
1 |
| Warluwarra |
yes |
|
930 |
|
|
1 |
| Warnman |
Yes |
|
50 |
|
|
1 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
40-1 |
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
yes |
|
6.1.3 |
|
|
1 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
74 |
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
Yes |
|
49 |
|
|
1 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
114 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
but directional SVCs with 'go' and 'come' |
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
