Directional elements affixed to the verb
- Category
- Verbal Categories - Directionals
- Notes
- There are grammaticalized elements indicating movement away, toward, there and back, etc.
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992:74 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 70 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no info | more likely no | ||||
| Alyawarr | no | 0 | ||||
| Andoke | yes | na- is centripetal, ni- is centrifugal; si- is 'low/behind/downstream/immersion/leaving the house', yi- is 'high/in front/uphill/emergence/entering the house' | Landaburu 1979: 188; 197-198 | |||
| Apurinã | no | Not listed among verbal morphology or "bound formatives" (clitics). | Facundes, 2000: 305-327, 379-410 | |||
| Arabana | yes | 204-9 | 1 | |||
| Arrernte | Yes | 207 | 1 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | yes | There are also morphemes for arrival, departure, and "receiving." | Payne 1983:16,100 | |||
| Añun | no info | no discussion of evidentiality | Patte 1989 | |||
| Bandjalang | No | 103 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | no | but directional SVCs with 'go' and 'come' | Ramirez 2001 | |||
| Barasano | yes | The second nominalizer used in anticipatory aspect indicates direction of the motion. | Jones & Jones 1991, p.97-98 | |||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | no info | Aikhenvald, 1995 | ||||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | yes | It indicates direction towards. It is a verbal suffix. | Danielsen 2007:264 | |||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no | 117 | 0 | |||
| Bilinarra | yes | 6.1.3 | 1 | |||
| Biri | no info | x | ||||
| Bora | yes | Seifart - 2005:59 | ||||
| Bularnu | yes | 81 | 1 | |||
| Bunuba | yes | 1 | ||||
| Cabecar | yes | There are around five of these suffixes | Margery 1985:104 | |||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | yes | Huayhua Pari 2001: 177 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | ||||||
| Comanche | ||||||
| Cubeo | yes | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p.17 | ||||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | no | |||||
| Darkinyung | no | 47 | 0 | |||
| Desano | yes | The usual affix to indicate aciton away from the speaker is -a and towards the speaker is -ri (present) or -ra (-ri + -a past). The directional suffixes can be attached to any of the directional verbs. | Miller 1999, p. 80-81 | The morphology of the directional formatives, or deictic markers, suggests that they are derived from the verbs wa- 'go' and ari- 'come'. | When these suffixes occur with 'duha' (remain at one's base), they indicate returning to one's base./ Another directional suffix -bia (omnilocative), noted by Kaye (1970:71). It has limitted distribution. | |
| Dharawal | maybe | 61 | 1 | |||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 0 | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no | 40-1 | 0 | |||
| Djinang | No | 140 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 70 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 57 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | yes | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | no | Payne 2012 | ||||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
| Githabul | No | 22 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no info | x | ||||
| Guaymí | no | Quesada 2008:80-7 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no | 158 | 0 | |||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 322 | 0 | |||
| Guna | yes | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | yes | 343 | 1 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 80 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 37-39 | 0 | |||
| Hup | yes | go do V and return' | Epps 2008 | |||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | no | Frank 1985:60-104 | ||||
| Ingá | yes | Levinson 1978:22 | ||||
| Jaru | yes | 208 | 1 | |||
| Jingulu | no info | x | ||||
| Kaingang | yes | Goncalves 2011:16 | ||||
| Kakua | no | in serial verb contructions, though, when movement there is always 'go' or 'come' to indicate the direction of the movement | Bolaños fieldnotes | |||
| Kalkatungu | yes | 92 | 1 | |||
| Karajarri | No | 112 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no | Directionals are attached on the noun | Everett 2006:223-95 | |||
| Katthang | no | 50 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | No info | x | ||||
| Kawaiisu | ||||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010 | ||||
| Kokatha | No | 28 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | yes | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.76 | ||||
| Kotiria | yes | Stenzel 2004, p. 282 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 406 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 68 | 0 | |||
| Kunjen | No | 113 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | no | 0 | ||||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 341 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | ||||||
| Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Hall 1988: 172 | Not sure what's going on here- abcorporeal movement as a transitivizer? | |||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.42 | ||||
| Makushi | yes | Carson 1982: 82 | ||||
| Mapudungun | yes | These suffixes are more related to the location where the event takes place, or if the participants are coming in or away a reference point | Zúñiga 2006, p. 168-72 | |||
| Marrgany | yes | 343 | 1 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 136-164 | 0 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 83 | 0 | |||
| Matses | yes | Fleck:364-75 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 55-60 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | yes | Minor and Minor 1982. p.103 | -mona is used to mark direction but is affixed to the noun | |||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | yes | 168 | 1 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | yes | postpositions | Weir 1984 | |||
| Nanti | yes | Michael, 2008. p. 249 | ||||
| Narungga | No info | 74 | x | |||
| Naso | no | movement particles, not affixes | Quesada 2000 | |||
| Ngaatjatjara | yes | 88 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No info | x | ||||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No info | x | ||||
| Ngiyambaa | no | 141 | 0 | |||
| Nhanta | yes | 12 | 1 | |||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011 | ||||
| Ninam | no info | Goodwin-Gomez | ||||
| Northern Emberá | no | Directionals are nominal elements | Mortensen 1999:59-87 | Catío | ||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no info | X | ||||
| Palikur | no info | Launey 2003 | ||||
| Panyjima | no | 0 | ||||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Ayala 1996:308-56 | ||||
| Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
| Pemon | no info | de Armellada 1999: 105-95 | ||||
| Piapoco | no | Galindo, 2002: 156-178, 299-321 | ||||
| Pintupi | no | 77; 84; 89; 151 | 0 | |||
| Pitjantjatjara | Yes | G 240 | 1 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 225 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | no | Giron 2008: p175 | ||||
| Páez | no | Jung:59-61 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no | Dirrectional meanings are expressed by directional suffixes attached to nouns | Soto 1976:75 | |||
| Resígaro | yes | adlative and ablative markers | Allin, 1976: 132-133 | |||
| Ritharrngu | No | 71 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | yes | Borgman 1990: 165 | ||||
| Serrano | ||||||
| Shoshone | ||||||
| Sikuani | yes | de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:83 | ||||
| Siona | no | These elements do exist, but they are nominal classifiers and demonstratives rather than verbal affixes. | Wheeler - 1987:134, 136 | |||
| Southern Paiute | ||||||
| Southern Ute | ||||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | yes | There are three directionals that suffix directly to the verb root. | Strom 1992, p.88 | -raʔa 'toward', -waʔ'away', -ta 'vertical' | ||
| Tariana | no | The description of predicate structure does not include any directional elements. | Aikhenvald, 2003: 253-254 | |||
| Thanggati | yes | 46-7 | 1 | |||
| Tharrkari | Yes | 49 | 1 | |||
| Tikuna | yes | Montes 2004:166 | ||||
| Timbisha | ||||||
| Tukano | yes | West and Welch 2004: 118-119; Ramirez 1997: 151, 160-162 | ||||
| Uradhi | Yes | 367 | 1 | |||
| Urarina | no | Olawsky:459-92 | ||||
| Wajarri | No | 114 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | yes | 218 | 1 | |||
| Walmajarri | no info | x | ||||
| Wambaya | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wangkumara | yes | 36-7, r17-18 | 1 | |||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no info | Santos 2006 | ||||
| Warlpiri | yes | n62 | 1 | |||
| Warluwarra | yes | 930 | 1 | |||
| Warnman | Yes | 50 | 1 | |||
| Warrgamay | Maybe | 58 | 1 | |||
| Warrwa | no info | x | ||||
| Warumungu | No | 34 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | no info | X | ||||
| Wathawurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | no | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800 | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 30 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | ||||||
| WesternTorres | no | 0 | ||||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | No | 129-132 | 0 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Worrorra | yes | 32 | 1 | |||
| Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | yes | 46-7 | 1 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | yes | 149 | 1 | |||
| Yanesha' | yes | These are verbal suffixes | Duff-Tripp 1997:91 | |||
| Yanomami | yes | Ramirez 1994: 240; 273-274 | ||||
| Yanyuwa | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 63-69 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjilindji | yes | 511 | 1 | |||
| Yine | no | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 83 | 0 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no | Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42 | ||||
| Yulparija | Yes | 43 | 1 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 97 | 0 |
| Language |
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