Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
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Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
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Achagua | yes | examples given of inalienable kin terms, but no mention of whether all kin terms are inalienable | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 20 | |||
Aché | no info | |||||
Adnyamathanha | ||||||
Aghu-Tharnggala | No info | 59 | x | |||
Aguaruna | no info | Overall 2007:261-2 | more likely no | |||
Alyawarr | yes | 90 | 1 | |||
Andoke | yes | Landaburu 1979: 133 | ||||
Apurinã | yes | Kin terms never appear in unpossessed form, are considered inalienable because they do not take possessed suffixes. | Facundes, 2000: 154 | |||
Arabana | no? | 95-6 | 0 | |||
Arrernte | No | 102 | 0 | |||
Asheninka Apurucayali | yes | Mihas 2010:123 | ||||
Añun | yes | Patte 1989:53 | ||||
Bandjalang | No | 70 | 0 | |||
Baniwa | yes | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
Barasano | yes | Kinship terms are obligatorily preceded by a noun or pronoun which refers to the person so related and which directly precedes the kinship term. | Jones & Jones 1991, p.61 | Kinship terms are obligatorily preceded by a noun or pronoun which regers to the person so related and which directly precedes the kinship term. | ||
Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
Bare | yes | Aikhenvald, 1995: 13 | ||||
Batyala | no info | x | ||||
Baure | no | Danielsen 2007: p122 | ||||
Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
Bilinarra | no | 4.7 | 0 | |||
Biri | n/a | 31 | 0 | |||
Bora | no | Seifart - 2005:64 | ||||
Bularnu | no info | x | ||||
Bunuba | no info | x | ||||
Cabecar | no info | |||||
Cahuilla | ||||||
Central Aymara | no info | |||||
Chemehuevi | ||||||
Comanche | ||||||
Cubeo | yes | Kinship terms are obligatorily possessed. | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 77 | In the singular, most take the same suffixes that other singular human nouns take; -kɨ 'masc, sing' | ||
Cupeño | ||||||
Damana | no | |||||
Darkinyung | no | 30 | 0 | |||
Desano | yes | Miller 1999, p. 49 | The possessed form for '(my) father' is yɨ pagɨ, and the vocative form is aʔɨ; the possessed form for '(my) older sister' is yɨ t̃ĩgo, and the vocative is diʔo. | |||
Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
Dharuk | ||||||
Diyari | no | 0 | ||||
Djabugay | ||||||
Djapu | no | 123 | 0 | |||
Djinang | No | 80 | 0 | |||
Duungidjawu | no | 97 | 0 | |||
Dyirbal | No | 105 | 0 | |||
Dâw | no info | Martins 2004 | ||||
Eñepa | yes | Payne 2012:74 | ||||
Gabrielino | ||||||
Garrwa | no | 25 | 0 | |||
Githabul | No | 34 | 0 | |||
Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
Guaymí | no info | |||||
Gugu-Badhun | no | 0 | ||||
Gumbaynggirr | no | 165 | 0 | |||
Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
Gunya | No | 309 | 0 | |||
Gupapuyngu | ||||||
Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 58 | 0 | |||
Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | n/a | 33 | 0 | |||
Hup | yes | Epps 2008 | ||||
Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
Ika | yes | This is marked by person prefixes on the noun. However, when the noun is used as vocative no personal preffix is added. | Frank 1990:19 | |||
Ingá | no info | more likely yes | Levinson 1974, 1976, 1976b | |||
Jaru | no | 194 | 0 | |||
Jingulu | no info | x | ||||
Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 | ||||
Kakua | yes | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
Kalkatungu | no | 81-4 | 0 | |||
Karajarri | No | 309 | 0 | |||
Karitiana | no | Everett 2006:296, 303-4 | ||||
Katthang | no | 291 | 0 | |||
Kaurna | No | wordlist | 0 | |||
Kawaiisu | ||||||
Kinikinau | no info | |||||
Kitanemuk | ||||||
Kogi | no info | |||||
Kokama | no info | Vallejos 2010:274-276 | ||||
Kokatha | No | 55 | 0 | |||
Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.16 | Mostly kinship terms consist of a more radical suffix or word appropriate gender and number ... Kinship terms for 'uncle'and 'aunt' are inherently specified for gender and lack of a suffix this nature, although usually plural. | |||
Kotiria | no | Stenzel 2004, p. 197 | ||||
Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 428 | 0 | |||
Kuku Yalanji | no | 185 | 0 | |||
Kunjen | yes | 38 | 1 | |||
Kurrama | no info | x | ||||
Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 325 | 0 | |||
Luiseño | ||||||
Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura 1993 | ||||
Maipure | yes | Kinship terms are never used without a possessor. | Zamponi 2003:24 | |||
Makiritare | yes | Hall 1988: 288-289 | ||||
Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.40-41 | ||||
Makushi | yes | Carson 1982: 58 | ||||
Mapudungun | no info | most likely not | Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-102 | |||
Marrgany | No | 309 | 0 | |||
Martuthunira | no | 0 | ||||
Mathi-Mathi | no | 77 | 0 | |||
Matses | no | Fleck:234 | ||||
Mayi-Yapi | No | 48 | 0 | |||
Minica Witoto | no | Minor and Minor 1982 | no specific section on this but several examples of kin terms uninflected throughout the source | |||
Mpakwithi | ||||||
Muruwari | no info | x | ||||
Nadëb/Roçado dialect | yes | some kin terms must be possesed but not all | Weir 1984 | |||
Nanti | yes | Michael, 2008. p. 299 | ||||
Narungga | Yes | 65 | 1 | |||
Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
Ngaatjatjara | No | 41 | 0 | |||
Ngarinyeri | yes | 11-12 | 1 | |||
Ngarinyin | ||||||
Ngayawang | No info | x | ||||
Ngiyambaa | no | 230-232 | 0 | |||
Nhanta | no info | x | ||||
Nheengatu | yes | Cruz 2011:156 | ||||
Ninam | yes | Goodwin-Gomez, p.55 | ||||
Northern Emberá | no info | |||||
Northern Paiute | ||||||
Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
Paakantyi | no | 75 | 0 | |||
Palikur | yes | Green and Green 1972:27 | ||||
Panyjima | no info | x | ||||
Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Ayala 1996:85-7 | ||||
Paresi | yes | Brandão 2010:15 | ||||
Pemon | no info | de Armellada 1999: 13 | ||||
Piapoco | yes | Galindo, 2002: 93 | ||||
Pintupi | no info | x | ||||
Pitjantjatjara | No | Y 14 | 0 | |||
Pitta-Pitta | No | 197 | 0 | |||
Puinave | yes | Giron 2008: p176 | ||||
Páez | no info | |||||
Quechua Ayacuchano | no info | more likely yes | ||||
Resígaro | yes | Allin, 1976; 165 | ||||
Ritharrngu | Yes | 24 | 1 | |||
Sanumá | no info | Borgman 1990: p.126-128 | ||||
Serrano | ||||||
Shoshone | ||||||
Sikuani | no | de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000: 294-298 | ||||
Siona | no | Kin terms are treated no differently than other nouns when it comes to possession marking. | Wheeler - 1987:121-125 | |||
Southern Paiute | ||||||
Southern Ute | ||||||
Surui | no info | |||||
Tanimuca | no | Strom 1992, p.66-67 | ||||
Tariana | yes | Aikhenvald, 2003: 127 | ||||
Thanggati | maybe | 20-21 | 1 | |||
Tharrkari | No | 26 | 0 | |||
Tikuna | yes | Montes 2005:133 | ||||
Timbisha | ||||||
Tukano | yes | Ramirez 1997: 227-228 | as evidenced by examples | |||
Uradhi | No info | 378 | x | |||
Urarina | no | However, it seems that kin terms and body part nouns were treated as inalienable in the "traditional" language | Olawsky:331-41 | |||
Wajarri | Yes | 48 | 1 | |||
Wakaya | no | 325 | 0 | |||
Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
Waorani | no info | |||||
Wapishana | yes | Santos 2006:102 | ||||
Warlpiri | no info | 0 | ||||
Warluwarra | no info | x | ||||
Warnman | No | 23 | 0 | |||
Warrgamay | No | 76 | 0 | |||
Warrwa | no | 0 | ||||
Warumungu | No | 27, 55 | 0 | |||
Warungu | no | 637-9 | 0 | |||
Wathawurrung | no info | x | ||||
Waunana | no info | |||||
Wayuu | yes | Body parts and kin terms are “possessed nouns.” (Presumably inalienably possessed). | Captain, David and Linda Captain. 2005. Diccionario Básico Ilustrado: Wayuunaiki-Español Español-Wayuunaiki. Bogotá: Editorial Fundación para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Marginados | |||
Wemba-Wemba | no | H 34 | 0 | |||
Western Mono | ||||||
WesternTorres | no info | x | ||||
Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
Wirangu | No | 75, 78 | 0 | |||
Woiwurrung | no info | x | ||||
Worrorra | yes | 91, ms13.1 | 1 | |||
Yagua | no info | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
Yalarnnga | no info | x | ||||
Yan-nhangu | ||||||
Yandruwandha | yes? | 1 | ||||
Yanesha' | yes | Duff-Tripp 1997:30-1 | ||||
Yanomami | yes | Ramirez 1994: 189-192 | ||||
Yanyuwa | yes | 4 | 1 | |||
Yavitero | yes | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 36 | ||||
Yawuru | ||||||
Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
Yindjibarndi | no | 144 | 0 | |||
Yindjilindji | no info | 507 | x | |||
Yine | yes | Matteson 1965 | ||||
Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
Yir Yoront | ||||||
Yorta Yorta | no | 57, 64 | 0 | |||
Yugambeh | ||||||
Yukuna | yes | Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 520 | ||||
Yulparija | No | 29 | 0 | |||
Yuwaalaraay | No | 50 | 0 |
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