| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
examples given of inalienable kin terms, but no mention of whether all kin terms are inalienable |
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 20 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
|
Allin, 1976; 165 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 13 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
|
Galindo, 2002: 93 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 520 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 36 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
|
Santos 2006:102 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
Body parts and kin terms are “possessed nouns.” (Presumably inalienably possessed). |
Captain, David and Linda Captain. 2005. Diccionario Básico Ilustrado: Wayuunaiki-Español Español-Wayuunaiki. Bogotá: Editorial Fundación para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Marginados |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 127 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
Kin terms never appear in unpossessed form, are considered inalienable because they do not take possessed suffixes. |
Facundes, 2000: 154 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
|
Mihas 2010:123 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
Kinship terms are never used without a possessor. |
Zamponi 2003:24 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:30-1 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
|
Danielsen 2007: p122 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 299 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
|
Brandão 2010:15 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
|
Green and Green 1972:27 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
yes |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
yes |
|
Patte 1989:53 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:64 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
|
Hall 1988: 288-289 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
|
Carson 1982: 58 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
|
Payne 2012:74 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no info |
|
de Armellada 1999: 13 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
This is marked by person prefixes on the noun. However, when the noun is used as vocative no personal preffix is added. |
Frank 1990:19 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000: 294-298 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no info |
|
Overall 2007:261-2 |
|
more likely no |
|
| Northern Emberá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no info |
more likely yes |
Levinson 1974, 1976, 1976b |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:234 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no info |
most likely not |
Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-102 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no info |
more likely yes |
|
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
|
Montes 2005:133 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
However, it seems that kin terms and body part nouns were treated as inalienable in the "traditional" language |
Olawsky:331-41 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
|
Landaburu 1979: 133 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
|
Giron 2008: p176 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kakua |
yes |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982 |
|
no specific section on this but several examples of kin terms uninflected throughout the source |
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
some kin terms must be possesed but not all |
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no info |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
|
Miller 1999, p. 49 |
|
The possessed form for '(my) father' is yɨ pagɨ, and the vocative form is aʔɨ; the possessed form for '(my) older sister' is yɨ t̃ĩgo, and the vocative is diʔo. |
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
Kinship terms are obligatorily possessed. |
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 77 |
|
In the singular, most take the same suffixes that other singular human nouns take; -kɨ 'masc, sing' |
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 197 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.40-41 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.16 |
|
Mostly kinship terms consist of a more radical suffix or word appropriate gender and number ... Kinship terms for 'uncle'and 'aunt' are inherently specified for gender and lack of a suffix this nature, although usually plural. |
|
| Barasano |
yes |
Kinship terms are obligatorily preceded by a noun or pronoun which refers to the person so related and which directly precedes the kinship term. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.61 |
|
Kinship terms are obligatorily preceded by a noun or pronoun which regers to the person so related and which directly precedes the kinship term. |
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.66-67 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
Kin terms are treated no differently than other nouns when it comes to possession marking. |
Wheeler - 1987:121-125 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1997: 227-228 |
|
as evidenced by examples |
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1994: 189-192 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
yes |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.55 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no info |
|
Borgman 1990: p.126-128 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:296, 303-4 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
yes |
|
Cruz 2011:156 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Ayala 1996:85-7 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no info |
|
Vallejos 2010:274-276 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
91, ms13.1 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
no |
|
25 |
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
57, 64 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
144 |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
4 |
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
yes? |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
75, 78 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 34 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
27, 55 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No info |
|
378 |
|
|
x |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
75 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
197 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
230-232 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
48 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
309 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
325 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
185 |
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
428 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
wordlist |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
81-4 |
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
194 |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
58 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
165 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
50 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
105 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
97 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
80 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Biri |
n/a |
|
31 |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no? |
|
95-6 |
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
90 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
29 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
77 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
n/a |
|
33 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
maybe |
|
20-21 |
|
|
1 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
291 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngarinyeri |
yes |
|
11-12 |
|
|
1 |
| Kurrama |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
34 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
309 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
yes |
|
38 |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
325 |
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
507 |
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
41 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
102 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
309 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 14 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
24 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
76 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warnman |
No |
|
23 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
123 |
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
4.7 |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No info |
|
59 |
|
|
x |
| Narungga |
Yes |
|
65 |
|
|
1 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
26 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
48 |
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
637-9 |
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no info |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
