| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
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|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
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|
|
| Timbisha |
|
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|
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|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
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|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
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| Shoshone |
|
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| Comanche |
|
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| Idaho Shoshone |
|
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|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
|
Melendez, 1998: 35 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no info |
|
Allin, 1976: 95 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 8 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002, p. 69-81 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 1972, p. 10 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
When the vowel /a/ occurs immediately after a consonant preceded by the vowel /i/, the /a/ harmonizes and becomes [ɛ]. |
Santos, 2006:47 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
|
Alvarez, 1985: p. 165; Mansen, Richard A. & David Captain. (2000). "El idioma Wayuu (o Guajiro)" In María Stella González de Pérez and María Luisa Rodriguez de Montes (eds.) Lenguas Indígenas de Colombia: una visión descriptiva: p. 798 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald 2003: 44 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
|
Facundes, 2000: 57-67 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
Happens only occasionally, however. |
Mihas 2010 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
Very limited set of vowels, so vowel harmony appears to be avoided. |
Zamponi 2003:14-20 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Fast 1953:191-4 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
yes |
|
Souza 2008:66 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
|
Danielsen 2007: p73 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
|
Brandão 2010:12 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no info |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
yes |
|
Patte 1989:41 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:37-38 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
|
Hall 1988: 270 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Abbott 1991: 140-148 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
|
Pessoa 2005 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith |
|
|
|
| Naso |
yes |
with a limited set of aspect affixes |
Quesada 2000 |
|
regressive in certain verbs |
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1985:17-9 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
mid vowels become high in contact with high vowels and front vowels become back in contact with back vowels |
Quesada 2008:26 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:93-4 |
|
But only with one suffix. Otherwise, it does not occur. |
|
| Northern Emberá |
no info |
more likely not |
Aguirre 1999:16-26; Mortensen 1999:4-8 |
|
Chamí |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
vowel inventory has only 3 sounds; differences in two dialects, but no harmony found |
Levinson 1976:19-32 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:172 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Salas 1992, p.73-92 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
|
Montes 2000:291-95 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:63-75 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
Landaburu 1979 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p104 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 10 to 107 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
yes |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
|
Cavalcante 1987 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.15, 33 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
limited to vowel-copying suffixes and diachronic processes affecting |
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Barbosa 2005 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
|
Martins 2004:102 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
vowel lowering- affects limited number of verb suffixes |
Miller 1999, p. 18 |
|
Vowel harmony, involving vowel lowering, affects a limited number of verb suffixes (Kaye 1970:186-88): -di- (past nominative) changes to -de-, -bi- (negative) changes to -be-, -bu- becomes -bo-, -ku- to -ko-, and -yu- to -yo-. |
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 13 |
|
When two identical vowels are juxtaposed across morpheme boundaries, the two vowels coalesce. |
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
examples exist of vowel harmony but participation seems random; marginal as a 'system' |
Stenzel 2004, p. 66 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no info |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.26 |
|
The vowel /e/ varies freely between [e] and [ɛ]. |
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.9 |
|
The vowel /e/ has a closed variant [e] when it precedes another vowel or /h/ in the phonological phrase. The open variant [ɛ] in other positions. Also, check top of p.70 |
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.8-9 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.22 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1970:19-22 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
West and Welch 2004, Ramirez 1997 |
|
no evidence for this, except for nasal harmony/spreading |
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
regressive, usually involves change in rounding. |
Lizot 1996: p.26-27; Ramirez 1994: 82-83 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
yes |
|
Migliazza 1972: p.158 |
|
Many yanomama pronouce everything partially nasalized |
|
| Surui |
no |
|
Bontkes and Bontkes 2009:17 |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:203-17 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no info |
not many phonological processes described |
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
more likely not |
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Nyulnyul |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
16-7 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
n84 |
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
yes |
|
53 |
|
|
1 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
24 |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
29, 112 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
47 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 17-20 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
14-15 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
323-330 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
192 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
14-39 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
47 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
yes |
|
32 |
|
|
1 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
28-31, 39-40 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
297 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
33 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
31 |
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
381 |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
yes |
|
3 |
|
|
1 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
14-5b |
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
Maybe |
|
39 |
|
|
1 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
264 |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
20 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
288 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
19 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
3 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
yes |
|
15 |
|
|
1 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
14 |
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
48-52 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
17 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
66 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
64-66 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
25 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
11, 42-3 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
30, 75 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
133 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
18 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yingkarta |
no? |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
5 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
297 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
15 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
yes |
|
K81 |
|
|
1 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
yes |
|
501 |
|
|
1 |
| Bandjalang |
yes |
|
Crowley 14, Sharpe 19-21 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
42 |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
76 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
20 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
60 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
Y 38 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
21 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
23-4 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
yes |
|
839 |
|
|
1 |
| Warnman |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Djapu |
no |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
25 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
35 |
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
9 to 11 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
26 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
yes? |
|
81-4 |
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
limited to demonstratives |
Ramirez 2001:381 |
|
|
|
