| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
n/a |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 91 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
Not discussed in the formulation of the verb at various levels. |
Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
n/a |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 156-178, 299-321 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 63-69 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 289 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
Not discussed among verbal morphology or "bound formatives" (clitics). |
Facundes, 2000: 305-327, 379-410 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1981; Payne 1982; Payne 1983 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:37-47 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:120-4 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no info |
|
Danielsen 2007 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 323-326 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no info |
no information on evidentials |
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
list of affixes does not mention evidentials |
Matteson 1965:71-80 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
no discussion of evidentiality |
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
"Recent past;" what is expressed in the clause took place on the same or previous day. |
Seifart - 2005:72 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:15-18 |
|
No description of evidentials given in source |
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Carson 1982; Abbott 1991 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
Payne 2012:349 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no info |
|
de Armellada 1999 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
|
Frank 1989:19 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
solicitate, conjecture |
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
no evidence of evidentials |
Queixalós 1998, 2000 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:471, 549 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:86-7 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
yes |
|
Peeke 1973:16-17 |
|
There is a "speculative" verbal suffix |
|
| Ingá |
yes |
This clitic expresses doubt for facts for which there is not tangible evidence |
Levinson 1976b:49 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:327-426 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Páez |
yes |
Factivo: the speaker states something but he does not guarantee the authencity of the statement; speculation: related to the likeliness of a future event |
Jung:77-84 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
Speaker assures the veracity of hi/her statement |
Parker 1965:88 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:459-92 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
all are prefixes on pronouns; certain for speaker: kẽ-, certain for speaker and adressee: b-, uncertain for speaker: ma-, uncertain for speaker, questioning other about certainty: k-/d- |
Landaburu 1979: p.114 |
|
Evidential? These are required on all "assertive" (= demonstrative?) utterances, which seems to be evidence that they are some type of evidential as opposed to a more general modal. Landaburu 1994: 111 |
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p281-293 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Levin 2004: 7 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.94 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
construction calqued from Tukano; ni probably related to 'be' verb |
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
"opinion suffix" |
Miller 1999, p. 68 |
|
When -sõ is attached to the end of the verb or verb nominalization, it almost always is followed by the speaker saying, 'I think' or 'He thought', and it is about something that hasn't happened or a state of affairs. |
|
| Cubeo |
no info |
|
Chacón 2012 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
assertion/presupposition |
Stenzel 2004, p. 345 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.47 |
|
Evidential categories including witnessed, heard, inferred, reporting, conjecture, and future. |
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.86 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.83-88 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.90-91 |
|
Whereas in other Tucanoan languages, evidentials are a mandatory feature of the independent verb, in Retuarã the evidentials are optional. |
|
| Siona |
no info |
|
Wheeler 1987 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
Ramirez 1997: 120 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
yes |
general non-witnessed/non-visual |
Goodwin-Gomez, p.97 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
yes |
combined nonvisual and reported |
Borgman 1990: 170 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:281-4 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no info |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Ayala 1996:308-56 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
ms15 |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
129-136 |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
64-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warumungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
363 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
275-277 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
66 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Jaru |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
80 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
167 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
184 |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Biri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
257, 258 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
35 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
96 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
208-209 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
yes |
|
177-9 |
|
|
1 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
23 |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
yes |
|
326 |
|
|
1 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
49 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
28 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
165 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 8 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
71 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
52-9 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warnman |
No |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bilinarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
31 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
96 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
