Other evidential
- Category
- Verbal Categories - Evidentiality
- Notes
- Any other evidential values not represented above
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | n/a | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 91 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 70 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:471, 549 | ||||
| Alyawarr | no | 0 | ||||
| Andoke | yes | all are prefixes on pronouns; certain for speaker: kẽ-, certain for speaker and adressee: b-, uncertain for speaker: ma-, uncertain for speaker, questioning other about certainty: k-/d- | Landaburu 1979: p.114 | Evidential? These are required on all "assertive" (= demonstrative?) utterances, which seems to be evidence that they are some type of evidential as opposed to a more general modal. Landaburu 1994: 111 | ||
| Apurinã | no | Not discussed among verbal morphology or "bound formatives" (clitics). | Facundes, 2000: 305-327, 379-410 | |||
| Arabana | yes | 257, 258 | 1 | |||
| Arrernte | No | 49 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Payne 1981; Payne 1982; Payne 1983 | ||||
| Añun | no info | no discussion of evidentiality | Patte 1989 | |||
| Bandjalang | No | 0 | ||||
| Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | no | Jones & Jones 1991, p.83-88 | ||||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | n/a | Aikhenvald, 1995 | ||||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | no info | Danielsen 2007 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
| Bilinarra | no info | x | ||||
| Biri | no info | x | ||||
| Bora | yes | "Recent past;" what is expressed in the clause took place on the same or previous day. | Seifart - 2005:72 | |||
| Bularnu | no info | x | ||||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | no | Levin 2004: 7 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | no | |||||
| Comanche | ||||||
| Cubeo | no info | Chacón 2012 | ||||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | yes | solicitate, conjecture | ||||
| Darkinyung | no | 0 | ||||
| Desano | yes | "opinion suffix" | Miller 1999, p. 68 | When -sõ is attached to the end of the verb or verb nominalization, it almost always is followed by the speaker saying, 'I think' or 'He thought', and it is about something that hasn't happened or a state of affairs. | ||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | yes | 184 | 1 | |||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no info | x | ||||
| Djinang | No | 167 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 0 | ||||
| Dyirbal | No | 0 | ||||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | no | Payne 2012:349 | ||||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
| Githabul | yes | 23 | 1 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | no info | |||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no info | x | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 0 | ||||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | yes | 326 | 1 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 80 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 0 | ||||
| Hup | yes | construction calqued from Tukano; ni probably related to 'be' verb | Epps 2008 | |||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | yes | Frank 1989:19 | ||||
| Ingá | yes | This clitic expresses doubt for facts for which there is not tangible evidence | Levinson 1976b:49 | |||
| Jaru | no info | x | ||||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | no | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no info | x | ||||
| Karajarri | No | 165 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no | Everett 2006:281-4 | ||||
| Katthang | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaurna | No | 0 | ||||
| Kawaiisu | ||||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010 | ||||
| Kokatha | No | 28 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.86 | ||||
| Kotiria | yes | assertion/presupposition | Stenzel 2004, p. 345 | |||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 0 | ||||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 0 | ||||
| Kunjen | No | 0 | ||||
| Kurrama | yes | 177-9 | 1 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 66 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | ||||||
| Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:15-18 | No description of evidentials given in source | |||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.47 | Evidential categories including witnessed, heard, inferred, reporting, conjecture, and future. | |||
| Makushi | no | Carson 1982; Abbott 1991 | ||||
| Mapudungun | no info | |||||
| Marrgany | No | 0 | ||||
| Martuthunira | no | 0 | ||||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 96 | 0 | |||
| Matses | no | Fleck:327-426 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 0 | ||||
| Minica Witoto | no | Minor and Minor 1982. p.94 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no info | x | ||||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | no | Michael, 2008. p. 323-326 | ||||
| Narungga | No | 74 | 0 | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 30 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 0 | ||||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No | 0 | ||||
| Ngiyambaa | yes | 275-277 | 1 | |||
| Nhanta | no info | x | ||||
| Nheengatu | no info | Cruz 2011 | ||||
| Ninam | yes | general non-witnessed/non-visual | Goodwin-Gomez, p.97 | |||
| Northern Emberá | no | Mortensen 1999:86-7 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no info | X | ||||
| Palikur | no info | no information on evidentials | Launey 2003 | |||
| Panyjima | yes | 208-209 | 1 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Ayala 1996:308-56 | ||||
| Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
| Pemon | no info | de Armellada 1999 | ||||
| Piapoco | no | Galindo, 2002: 156-178, 299-321 | ||||
| Pintupi | no info | x | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | Y 8 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 0 | ||||
| Puinave | no | Giron 2008: p281-293 | ||||
| Páez | yes | Factivo: the speaker states something but he does not guarantee the authencity of the statement; speculation: related to the likeliness of a future event | Jung:77-84 | |||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | yes | Speaker assures the veracity of hi/her statement | Parker 1965:88 | |||
| Resígaro | no | Not discussed in the formulation of the verb at various levels. | Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212 | |||
| Ritharrngu | No | 71 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | yes | combined nonvisual and reported | Borgman 1990: 170 | |||
| Serrano | ||||||
| Shoshone | ||||||
| Sikuani | no | no evidence of evidentials | Queixalós 1998, 2000 | |||
| Siona | no info | Wheeler 1987 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | ||||||
| Southern Ute | ||||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | no | Strom 1992, p.90-91 | Whereas in other Tucanoan languages, evidentials are a mandatory feature of the independent verb, in Retuarã the evidentials are optional. | |||
| Tariana | no | Aikhenvald, 2003: 289 | ||||
| Thanggati | no | 0 | ||||
| Tharrkari | No | 31 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no info | |||||
| Timbisha | ||||||
| Tukano | no | Ramirez 1997: 120 | ||||
| Uradhi | No | 363 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no | Olawsky:459-92 | ||||
| Wajarri | No | 96 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | yes | Peeke 1973:16-17 | There is a "speculative" verbal suffix | |||
| Wapishana | no | Santos 2006 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no info | 0 | ||||
| Warluwarra | no info | x | ||||
| Warnman | No | 45 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 52-9 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no info | x | ||||
| Warumungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Warungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Wathawurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | no | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800 | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | no info | x | ||||
| Western Mono | ||||||
| WesternTorres | no | 0 | ||||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | No | 0 | ||||
| Woiwurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Worrorra | no | ms15 | 0 | |||
| Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no | 64-5 | 0 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no info | x | ||||
| Yanesha' | no | Duff-Tripp 1997:120-4 | ||||
| Yanomami | no | Ramirez 1994 | ||||
| Yanyuwa | no info | x | ||||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 63-69 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | yes | 129-136 | 1 | |||
| Yindjilindji | no info | x | ||||
| Yine | no | list of affixes does not mention evidentials | Matteson 1965:71-80 | |||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no info | x | ||||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no | Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42 | ||||
| Yulparija | No | 35 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 74 | 0 |
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