| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 62 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
There are classifiers for "long and oval shaped," "arm-shaped," "leaf-like," "rope-like," "sperical," etc. |
Allin, 1976: 153-163 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
n/a |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 21 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
n/a |
|
Galindo, 2002: 99, 101 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 50 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
No classifiers identified. |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 36-48 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
|
Santos, 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
n/a |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
Tariana has a number of shape and form classifiers. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 89-90 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
Many classificatory nouns (CN2s) have semantics related to shape. |
Facundes, 2000:169-175 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
|
Mihas 2010:106 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
|
Zamponi 2003:26 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:55 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
|
Danielsen 2007:145 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 332 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
|
Brandão 2010:15 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:201-222 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:9-11 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Carson 1992: 55-86 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald 2000:127-128 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
|
Frank 1989:22 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
yes |
|
Bertoglia 1983:3-13 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
|
Quesada 2008:91 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
Classification system. Including cylinder, sphere, flat plane, etc. |
Queixalós 1998:33 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:124-37 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:15-6 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1974, 1976, 1976b |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:240 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-9 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:27, 32-46 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
|
Montes 2005:140 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
|
Loewen 1954:72-76 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
stick-like shape relevant in Class 2, round or hollow shape relevant in class 3-0 |
Landaburu 1979: p.131 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Deza Galindo 1992: 78 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
yes |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
not indicated/expected |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.31-35 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
Inanimate nouns can also be subdivided into classes according to their inherent characteristics, in particular their shape. |
Miller 1999, p. 23 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 73-74 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 122 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.37 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.18 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
Shape is the major feature and comprises the largest category. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.50 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
|
Strom 1992, p.11 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
yes |
Classification. |
Wheeler - 1970:96 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
|
West and Welch 2004: 85 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
many of these classes apply equally to animates |
Ramirez 1994: p.124 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.120 |
|
but function (seed, tree, plant, liquid, skin) are |
|
| Sanumá |
yes |
for noun classifiers, but not noun classes (because there are none) |
Borgman 1990: p.147-148 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:296 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Zarratea 2002:121-41 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
ms4.1.3.ii |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no |
|
4-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no |
|
4 |
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
N/A |
|
334 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
N/A |
|
192 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
191 |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
83 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
446-7 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
29 |
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
254 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
N/A |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
307 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
25 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
27 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
N/A |
|
18 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
8 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
78 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
43 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
35 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
87 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
52 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
N/A |
|
71 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 11 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
34 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
N/A |
|
28 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
881 |
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
N/A |
|
14 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
n/a |
|
1.1000000000000000888 |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
N/A |
|
54 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
N/A |
|
15 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
38 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
165 |
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:446 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald 2001 Baniwa classifiers |
|
|
|
