| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 20-22 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
Allin notes that this set of nouns takes a special morphological marker when possessed. |
Allin 1976: 175, 186 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
Possess alienables have suffix in addition to possessive prefixes, inalienables do not |
Aikhenvald, 1995: 14 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
Alienable nouns take a suffix when they are possessed which is not found on inalienable nouns. |
Galindo, 2002: 93-95 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
These markers are found on alienably possessed nouns. |
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: 300, Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 47 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 39 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
Not clear what the situations are that call for the different affixes. Could be phonologically influenced. |
Santos 2006:132 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
These are only used on noun roots that are not considered inherently posessed in order to make them a possessed root. |
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 797 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
Possession of optionally possessed nouns is indicated by juxtaposition. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 129-130 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
Alienable nouns require one of three suffixes when they are possessed. |
Facundes, 2000: 199 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
They both take morphological marking. A possessed (alienable) noun with no person prefix must have a non-possessive suffix . A possessed (inalianable) noun with a possessive suffix must have a person prefix. |
Payne 1981:4953 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
possessive prefixes + suffixes indicated here. |
Zamponi 2003:24 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:33-4 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no |
|
Souza 2008:75 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
|
Danielsen 2007: p118 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
When possessed, alienable nouns take a possessive prefix and an “alienable possession suffix.” |
Michael, 2008. p. 298-300 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
|
Brandão 2010:15 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:64 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 288-289 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
"The possession suffix must occur on alienably posessed items…. The inalienably possessed item never, except in past possession, occurs with the posession suffix, but only with the possessor prefix" |
Abbott 1991: 85 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
alienable possessed nouns take genetive classifiers |
Panare 2012:81-82 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no info |
|
de Armellada 1999: 13 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1985:55-7 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
No apparent distinction. |
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no info |
|
Overall 2007:261-2 |
|
more likely no |
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Aguirre 1999:79-80 |
|
Chamí |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1974, 1976, 1976b |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no info |
most likely not |
Zúñiga 2006, p. 87-102 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:32-46 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
|
Montes 2005:133 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:331-41 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
|
Mejía 2000:90 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
suffix on possessed nouns. The same for all person/number |
Landaburu 1979: 160 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: 206 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.42, 90 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
classifier |
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
no info |
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
Alienable possession used the case marker ya (genitive) |
Miller 1999, p. 49 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
possesion of a part by an inamite noun does not require the genitive marker |
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 118 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 197 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.40-41 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.45 |
|
no info/not expected |
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.61 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.66-67 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
There is no difference in the marking of possession between alienable/inalienable nouns. |
Wheeler - 1987:121-125 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
clitic yaá= |
Ramirez 1997: 324 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
inalienable is incorporated or uses /-pɨ/ with kin terms |
Ramirez 1994: 184-192 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
yes |
different markers used for alienable |
Goodwin-Gomez, p.52-56 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no info |
|
Borgman 1990: p.126-128 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:296, 303-4 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
inalienable possession must have possessive prefix |
Cruz 2011:156 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Ayala 1996:85-7 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no info |
|
Vallejos 2010:274-276 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
ms13.1 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
yes? |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Gooniyandi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
57 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
79-80, 118-9 |
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
yes |
|
23, 31 |
|
|
1 |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
yes |
|
NP: , PN: 72 |
|
|
1 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
yes |
|
H 34 |
|
|
1 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
55 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
yes |
|
51-2 |
|
|
1 |
| Uradhi |
Yes |
|
378 |
|
|
1 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
75 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
yes |
|
197 |
|
|
1 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
65, 77 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
230-231 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
45, 48 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
yes |
|
308 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
325 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
51 |
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
428 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
44-6 |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
yes |
|
194-6 |
|
|
1 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
57 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
261 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
49 |
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
yes |
|
61 |
|
|
1 |
| Duungidjawu |
yes |
|
98-99 |
|
|
1 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
199 |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
30-31 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
yes |
|
38 |
|
|
1 |
| Biri |
no |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
72-4, 90-6 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
75, 117-9 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
Yes |
|
29 |
|
|
1 |
| Wathawurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
82 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
33 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
86-87 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
66 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
195-196 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
yes |
|
18 |
|
|
1 |
| Kurrama |
yes |
|
37, 38 |
|
|
1 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
N/A |
|
34 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
yes |
|
308 |
|
|
1 |
| Kunjen |
yes |
|
38-39 |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
yes? |
|
FO 127 |
|
|
1 |
| Wakaya |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
41 |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
150 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
Yes |
|
55 |
|
|
1 |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
309 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
Y 14 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
24 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
Yes |
|
76 |
|
|
1 |
| Warluwarra |
yes |
|
898 |
|
|
1 |
| Warnman |
Maybe |
|
23 |
|
|
1 |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
124 |
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
yes |
|
4.7.1 |
|
|
1 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
Yes |
|
59 |
|
|
1 |
| Narungga |
Yes |
|
65 |
|
|
1 |
| Tharrkari |
Yes |
|
26 |
|
|
1 |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
48 |
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
yes |
|
636-7 |
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:348 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
