| Cahuilla |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 66 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
Pronoun stems, when bound to a noun root, take on a possessive meaning. |
Allin, 1976: 185-187 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
All nouns have possessive prefix when possessed. |
Aikhenvald, 1995: 12 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
|
Galindo, 2002: 99 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 47, Shauer & Shauer, 200: p. 520 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 38 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
|
Santos, 2006: 101 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 799 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 122 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
Independent pronouns marking possession is also possible. |
Facundes, 2000: 380 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1983:12, 49 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
|
Zamponi 2003:24 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:29 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
yes |
|
Couto 2005:49 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
|
Danielsen 2007: p87 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 297-299 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
|
Brandão 2010:14 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
|
Green and Green 1972:4-5, 52 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
yes |
|
Matteson 1965:94 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
yes |
e.g. ta-ein, 1sg-heart |
Patte 1989:46 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:52; Thiesen - 1996:40 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
|
Hall 1988: 292 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
|
Abbott 1991: 101 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
|
Gildea 1993:49; Thomas Payne 1989:297 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
singular possession prefixes |
de Armellada 1999: 14 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
yes |
pronouns are affixed on N |
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
These pronominal prefixes are the same as the object markers on the verb. These possessive are only used with kin terms |
Frank 1989:22 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no |
|
Bourland 1976:57 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:73 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:20; Queixalós - 2000:35, 131-132, 294-298 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
yes |
|
Buenaventura - 1993:50 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:261-2 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
It seems that the possessive is an independent word |
Aguirre 1999:79-80 |
|
Chamí |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
ILV 1976:35-6 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
There are special forms of personal pronouns for possesive case |
Fleck:253 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 96-7 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
However, the unmarked construction for possesive is simple yuxtaposition of nouns with the with the possessors preceding the possesed |
Jung:121-2 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:23 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
|
Montes 2004b:88-89 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
However, the most common strategy for possesion is juxtaposition (possesor-possesum) |
Olawsky:331-41 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
inalienable only |
Landaburu 1979: 132-133 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
|
Giron 2008: p236 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 250 to 252 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
|
Goncalves 2011:12 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.12, 42 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
|
Weir 1984:89 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 49 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 82 |
|
The demonstrative pronouns of Cubeo are, in most cases, formed from te demonstrative prefixes discussed in 3.3.1, plus gender/number suffixes. |
|
| Kotiria |
no |
pronouns can be cliticized to possessed noun |
Stenzel 2007:187 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.36-40 |
|
Genitive constructions are formed by a noun or pronoun possessor head noun plus noun phrase (the possessed). The owner usually precedes the possessed. When the genitive construction relates to family relationships or intimate possession, there is no genit |
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.45 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
Barasano uses the case marker ya (genitive) to express ownership. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.61 |
|
The genitive ya occurs with a suffix to indicate the possessed. |
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.66 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1987:121-125 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
proclitic =yaá on head |
Ramirez 1997: 324 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994: 189 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
1st and 2nd personal possessive pronouns (not affixes) come before possessed noun |
Goodwin-Gomez, p. 52 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
yes |
for 1st and 2nd person |
Borgman 1990: p.126-128 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
yes |
|
Van der Meer (?):12 |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
yes |
However, the juxtaposition is the preferred strategy for possession |
Everett 2006:303-4 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
yes |
|
Cruz 2011:156 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Aché |
no |
Possessison is marked by yuxtapostion of the nouns |
Susnik 1974:101 |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
proclitic on noun |
Vallejos 2010:274-276 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warrwa |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
90-1 |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
73 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
71 |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
74-75, 77 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 34 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
352 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
75 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
200 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
111 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
76 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
130 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
Maybe |
|
12 |
|
|
1 |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
111-2 |
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
45, 48 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
cf (4.132) 'my wife' |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
N/A |
|
308 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
N/A |
|
219 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
428 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
69 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
283 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
48 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
54 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
136 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no |
|
53 |
|
|
0 |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
32 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
29 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
82 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
85 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
33, 40 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
29-30 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
40 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
26 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
10 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
N/A |
|
308 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
91 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
N/A |
|
79 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
56 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
109 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
N/A |
|
48 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
N/A |
|
302 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 125 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
24 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
76 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
N/A |
|
23 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
62-7 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
Yes |
|
65 |
|
|
1 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
26 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
80 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
Set I clitics are prefixed |
Payne and Payne 1990:271 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
