Alignment of case marking of pronouns: tripartite
- Category
- Simple Clauses - Alignment
- Notes
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 62 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:215 | ||||
| Alyawarr | yes | 93 | 1 | |||
| Andoke | no | Landaburu 1979: 156 | ||||
| Apurinã | no | Facundes, 2000: 346 | ||||
| Arabana | no | 66 | 0 | |||
| Arrernte | Yes | 101 | 1 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | No apparent case markings on pronouns. Pronouns appear as verbal markings rather than free pronouns. | Payne 1983:1619, 2325, 9096 | |||
| Añun | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | yes | 78 | 1 | |||
| Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | no | Jones & Jones 1991, p.65-72 | ||||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | no | Aikhenvald, 1995: 22 | ||||
| Batyala | Yes | 4 | 1 | |||
| Baure | no | Danielsen 2007:100-1 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no | 0 | ||||
| Bilinarra | no | 5.1.1 | 0 | |||
| Biri | no | 14; 23-4 | 0 | |||
| Bora | no | Seifart - 2005:65-68 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 0 | ||||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | no | |||||
| Central Aymara | no | Huayhua Pari 2001: 202 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | no | |||||
| Comanche | no | |||||
| Cubeo | no | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p.110 | ||||
| Cupeño | no | |||||
| Damana | no | |||||
| Darkinyung | no | 37 | 0 | |||
| Desano | no | Miller 1999, p. 30 | ||||
| Dharawal | no | 49-50 | 0 | |||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | yes | 59-61 | 1 | |||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no | 51 | 0 | |||
| Djinang | No | 33 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | yes | 51 | 1 | |||
| Dyirbal | yes | 132-3 | 1 | |||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | no | Thomas Payne 1989 | ||||
| Gabrielino | no | |||||
| Garrwa | no | 2, 6 | 0 | |||
| Githabul | No | 15 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | no | Quesada 2008:155-9 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no | 126-7 | 0 | |||
| Gumbaynggirr | yes | 283 | 1 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | No | 304 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 66 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 40 | 0 | |||
| Hup | no | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | no | |||||
| Ika | no | More likely not | Frank 1985:39-59 | |||
| Ingá | no | Levinson 1978:7, Levinson 1974:15-7 | ||||
| Jaru | no | 64-5 | 0 | |||
| Jingulu | yes | 1 | ||||
| Kaingang | no | Goncalves 2011:12 | ||||
| Kakua | no | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no | 31-2 | 0 | |||
| Karajarri | No | 227 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no | Everett 2006:304-5 | ||||
| Katthang | no | 64 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | No | 7-8 | 0 | |||
| Kawaiisu | no | |||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | no | |||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010 | ||||
| Kokatha | No | 48 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.31 | ||||
| Kotiria | no | Stenzel 2004, p. 217 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 397 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 72 | 0 | |||
| Kunjen | No | 87 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | no | 74-75 | 0 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 148 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | no | |||||
| Macaguan | no | Buenaventura - 1993:91-101 | ||||
| Maipure | yes | Zamponi 2003:21-37 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Escoriaza 1959:14-15 | Discussions of ergativity in Hall 1988: 123-128; Hall 1984 (Split-ergativity in pronominal agreement systems) is inconclusive | |||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.35-36 | ||||
| Makushi | no | Abbott 1991: 83 | ||||
| Mapudungun | no | Zúñiga 2006, p. 87 | ||||
| Marrgany | No | 301 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 101 | 0 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 90 | 0 | |||
| Matses | no | Fleck:854 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 53-54 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | Minor and Minor 1982. p.78-80 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no | 89-90 | 0 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | n/a | Michael, 2008. p. 340 | ||||
| Narungga | No | 58 | 0 | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 55 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 23 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No | 10 | 0 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | no | 120-127 | 0 | |||
| Nhanta | yes | 76/77 | 1 | |||
| Nheengatu | no | pronouns don't mark case | Cruz 2011:141 | |||
| Ninam | no | Goodwin-Gomez: 48 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | no | Mortensen 1999:42-3 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | no | |||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | yes | 105, 114, 120 | 1 | |||
| Palikur | no | Green and Green 1972:3-9 | ||||
| Panyjima | no | 157 | 0 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:130-1 | ||||
| Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
| Pemon | no | de Armellada 1999:16-25, 112-8, 276-7 | ||||
| Piapoco | no | Galindo, 2002: 157-159 | ||||
| Pintupi | yes | 103-107 | 1 | |||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | Y 20 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | yes | 195 | 1 | |||
| Puinave | no | Giron 2008: p356 | ||||
| Páez | no | Jung:136 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no | Soto 1976:61-92 | ||||
| Resígaro | no | Allin, 1976: 176-179 | ||||
| Ritharrngu | No | 34 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no | Borgman 1990: 121 | ||||
| Serrano | no | |||||
| Shoshone | no | |||||
| Sikuani | no | Queixalós 2000 | ||||
| Siona | no | Wheeler - 1987:124-136 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | no | |||||
| Southern Ute | no | |||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | no | Strom 1992, p.114 | ||||
| Tariana | no | Aikhenvald, 2003: 204 | ||||
| Thanggati | no | 22-23 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 24-5 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no | Montes 2005:133-141 | ||||
| Timbisha | no | |||||
| Tukano | no | Ramirez 1997 | ||||
| Uradhi | No | 352 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no | Olawsky:152-4, 298-354 | ||||
| Wajarri | No | 39 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | yes | 150 | 1 | |||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | yes? | r4-6 | 1 | |||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos, 2006: 187 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no | BS152 | 0 | |||
| Warluwarra | no | 885 | 0 | |||
| Warnman | No | 13 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | Yes | 40 | 1 | |||
| Warrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Warumungu | No | 27 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | no | 157-8, 183 | 0 | |||
| Wathawurrung | no | 75 | 0 | |||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | n/a | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 798, 800 | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 37 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | no | |||||
| WesternTorres | yes | FO 121 | 1 | |||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | yes | 71-3 | 1 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Worrorra | no | 44, ms1.7 | 0 | |||
| Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no | 16-17 | 0 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | yes | 75 | 1 | |||
| Yanesha' | no | subjects and objects do not get case | Duff-Tripp 1997:67 | |||
| Yanomami | no | Ramirez 1994: 209-213 | ||||
| Yanyuwa | no | 13 | 0 | |||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 36-49 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no | 73-75 | 0 | |||
| Yindjilindji | no | 515 | 0 | |||
| Yine | no | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | yes | 79 | 1 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | n/a | Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 37 | ||||
| Yulparija | No | 29 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 47 | 0 |
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