| Cahuilla |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 100 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
Distinct 2nd person prefix from declarative clauses, plus a tone change if the penultimate (and antepenultimate) syllables have a) short vowels and b) low tone. |
Allin, 1976: 99, 138 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
Imperative uses 2nd-person forms |
Aikhenvald, 1995: 33 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
The verb appears in minimal form, with person markers, but not with any other morphology. |
Galindo, 2002: 270 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
The imperative mood "covers up" the declarative. |
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: 314, Shauer & Shauer, 1987: p. 38 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 64 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos, 2006:164 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 801 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
The most common imperative strategy involves an "unmarked" verb--unmarked for tense, aspect, evidentiality, etc. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 371 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
Facundes says that most speakers do not use a special imperative form, although one speaker has used a special form in elicited data. |
Facundes, 2000: 542 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no info |
|
Payne 1981; Payne 1982:910 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
The 2nd person indicative form is used. |
Zamponi 2003:42 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
The same form used for second person indicative is used for imperatives. However, the negative imperative is marked by {=ats} |
Duff-Tripp 1997:114 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
yes |
The "subjunctive" suffix is used in imperative constructions along with second person inflexion |
Souza 2008:128 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
there are a few particles used to signal the imperative and they each have their own connotations (ʃi, pa, ta) |
Danielsen 2007: p297 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
Imperatives are formed using irrealis markers and omitting the subject person marker or free pronoun. |
Michael, 2008. p. 399 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no |
There is no special verbal form or marking for positive imperatives |
Brandão 2010:47-8 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
|
Green and Green 1972:4 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965:72-73 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989:109 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
Prefixes that agree with subject used instead. |
Seifart - 2005:52 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
|
Hall 1988: 346 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
Lots of forms: 2nd person static: -kî/-tî, motion away from: -ta/-tantî, motion towards: -tane'kî/-tane'tî, future: m-…-I, future polite: mî-…-I, negative: k(î/î'/îs)-…-I; 1+2person hortative: -pai/-pai'nîkon; 3rd person: n(î)-/i-…-i |
Abbott 1991: 49 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
two plain imperatives and one movement imperative |
Tosantos 1977:29 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
|
de Armellada 1999: 9 |
|
These are both suffixes and are used for simple imperatives. They can be combined with the infix tanë to indicate that the receiver must come to where the speaker is to do something. To indicate that the receiver should go somewhere and do something the s |
|
| Guna |
no |
imperative verb carries no inflection |
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
yes |
singular and plural addresee |
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
A verbal periphrastic strategy is used where the verb occurs uninflected and it is followed by a stressed auxiliary verb |
Frank 1990:86-7 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
yes |
|
Ortiz 1994:390 |
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
yes |
There are some other strategies to convey imperative meaning among which the use of the infinitive form seems to be the most common (Margery 1985:128-32). |
Bourland 1976:65 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
The indefinite tense is used to express imperative modality |
Quesada 2008:117-8 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
two injunctive suffixes |
Quixalós 2000:295 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
yes |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:350 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
yes |
|
Mortensen 1999:85 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
yes |
|
Peeke 1973:16, 39 |
|
|
|
| Ingá |
yes |
|
Levinson 1987:20 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
|
Fleck:443 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
yes |
The form of this morpheme is based on the examples in the source and not explicitly defined as such by the author. |
Salas 1992, p.112 |
|
There are morphemes for first person, second (singular and plura), third person and exhortatives |
|
| Páez |
yes |
|
Jung:87 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
|
Parker 1965:28 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
Based on the examples |
Montes 2004b:155 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
|
Olawsky:569 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
|
http://wals.info/static/descriptions/72/wals_feature_72.pdf |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no |
|
Landaburu 1979: 225 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
|
Giron 2008: p271 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 163 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
there is one morpheme specifically for negative imperative, but not for imperatives. Imperatives are formed by marking 2sg. Proclitic on the verb and reduplication of the last vowel of the stem of the verb. |
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
/ra/ seems to have several functions, which includes imperative |
Goncalves 2011:82 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
Imperative form is indicated by either the use of the verb root (ie. Imperative form) or by the addition of an adverbial complement put in front of the verb. |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.69 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
bare verb stem with high tone |
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
multiple forms |
Miller 1999, p. 72 |
|
The imperative suffix replaces the evidential and subject agreement markers in the independent verb.. |
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 24 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 378 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.62 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.58 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
There are first-, second-, and third-person imperatives in which various features of distance in time and space are distinguished. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.75 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
Retuarã has second-person imperatives, indirect & negative imperatives, horatory forms, and third-person imperatives. |
Strom 1992, p.135 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
Instead, there are individual imperative suffixes for each person/number/gender as well as aspect. |
Wheeler - 1970:93,104-105; Wheeler - 1987:158 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
various forms, indirect used to report somone else's command |
West and Welch 2004: 16, 120; Ramirez 1997: 145 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994: 324-329 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
multiple 2nd person singular forms |
Goodwin-Gomez, p.106 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990: 73-76 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
yes |
However, it only occurs when the verb ends in a consonant |
Everett 2006:326;Landin 1980:16-17 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
However, the "simple imperatve" does not get a distinct morpheme but it is distinguished from indicative sentences because it takes different person markers. Other types of imperatives do get a distinc marker. Notice that it is represented as -py in the s |
Zarratea 2002:108-9 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
yes |
|
Susnik 1974:49 |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010:548 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Nyulnyul |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Worrorra |
yes? |
|
87 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
yes |
|
80 |
|
|
1 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
n40 |
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
yes |
|
86 |
|
|
1 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
97-104 |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
143 |
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
66 |
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
yes |
|
45 |
|
|
1 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
75 |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
yes |
|
116-119 |
|
|
1 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 43 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
33 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
yes |
|
36 |
|
|
1 |
| Uradhi |
Yes |
|
363 |
|
|
1 |
| Paakantyi |
yes |
|
207 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
yes |
|
202 |
|
|
1 |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
168-169 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
91; 94; 136 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
158-160 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
15 |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
182 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
yes |
|
56 |
|
|
1 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
149 |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
yes |
|
315 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
382 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
93 |
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
409 |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
yes |
|
17 |
|
|
1 |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
57 |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
yes |
|
79 |
|
|
1 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
yes |
|
80 |
|
|
1 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
296 |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
yes |
|
154 |
|
|
1 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
61 |
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
yes |
|
110-1 |
|
|
1 |
| Duungidjawu |
yes |
|
81-82 |
|
|
1 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
191 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
85 |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
yes |
|
58 |
|
|
1 |
| Darkinyung |
yes |
|
44 |
|
|
1 |
| Bularnu |
yes |
|
71 |
|
|
1 |
| Biri |
yes |
|
38 |
|
|
1 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no |
|
32-4; 87 |
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
180 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
53 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
Yes |
|
35 |
|
|
1 |
| Wathawurrung |
yes |
|
80 |
|
|
1 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
yes |
|
98 |
|
|
1 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
yes |
|
74 |
|
|
1 |
| Thanggati |
yes |
|
47-50 |
|
|
1 |
| Katthang |
yes |
|
80-81 |
|
|
1 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
203-204 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
yes |
|
42 |
|
|
1 |
| Kurrama |
yes |
|
127-8 |
|
|
1 |
| Yingkarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
24 |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
yes |
|
325 |
|
|
1 |
| Kunjen |
yes |
|
110 |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
yes |
|
K85c 88 |
|
|
1 |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
206 |
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
yes |
|
510 |
|
|
1 |
| Bandjalang |
yes |
|
95 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
32 |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
172 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
Yes |
|
30 |
|
|
1 |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
165 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
Y 8 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
76 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
Yes |
|
53 |
|
|
1 |
| Warluwarra |
yes |
|
868 |
|
|
1 |
| Warnman |
Yes |
|
45 |
|
|
1 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
141 |
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
yes |
|
6.1.1.1 |
|
|
1 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
Yes |
|
70 |
|
|
1 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
Yes |
|
40 |
|
|
1 |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
96 |
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
yes |
|
278 |
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
modal auxiliary /a/ |
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
