Dedicated imperative morpheme or verb form
- Category
- Verbal Categories - Mood
- Notes
- There is a special morpheme (or morphemes, or a bare verb root where inflection is normally expected) used to signal imperative (command) mood
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 100 | ||||
| Aché | yes | Susnik 1974:49 | ||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | Yes | 70 | 1 | |||
| Aguaruna | yes | Overall 2007:350 | ||||
| Alyawarr | yes | 53 | 1 | |||
| Andoke | no | Landaburu 1979: 225 | ||||
| Apurinã | no | Facundes says that most speakers do not use a special imperative form, although one speaker has used a special form in elicited data. | Facundes, 2000: 542 | |||
| Arabana | yes | 180 | 1 | |||
| Arrernte | Yes | 172 | 1 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no info | Payne 1981; Payne 1982:910 | ||||
| Añun | no | Patte 1989:109 | ||||
| Bandjalang | yes | 95 | 1 | |||
| Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | no | There are first-, second-, and third-person imperatives in which various features of distance in time and space are distinguished. | Jones & Jones 1991, p.75 | |||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | no | Imperative uses 2nd-person forms | Aikhenvald, 1995: 33 | |||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | no | there are a few particles used to signal the imperative and they each have their own connotations (ʃi, pa, ta) | Danielsen 2007: p297 | |||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no | 32-4; 87 | 0 | |||
| Bilinarra | yes | 6.1.1.1 | 1 | |||
| Biri | yes | 38 | 1 | |||
| Bora | no | Prefixes that agree with subject used instead. | Seifart - 2005:52 | |||
| Bularnu | yes | 71 | 1 | |||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | yes | There are some other strategies to convey imperative meaning among which the use of the infinitive form seems to be the most common (Margery 1985:128-32). | Bourland 1976:65 | |||
| Cahuilla | yes | |||||
| Central Aymara | no | Huayhua Pari 2001: 163 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | yes | |||||
| Comanche | yes | |||||
| Cubeo | yes | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 24 | ||||
| Cupeño | yes | |||||
| Damana | yes | |||||
| Darkinyung | yes | 44 | 1 | |||
| Desano | yes | multiple forms | Miller 1999, p. 72 | The imperative suffix replaces the evidential and subject agreement markers in the independent verb.. | ||
| Dharawal | yes | 58 | 1 | |||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | yes | 85 | 1 | |||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no | 141 | 0 | |||
| Djinang | No | 191 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | yes | 81-82 | 1 | |||
| Dyirbal | yes | 110-1 | 1 | |||
| Dâw | yes | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | yes | two plain imperatives and one movement imperative | Tosantos 1977:29 | |||
| Gabrielino | yes | |||||
| Garrwa | yes | 80 | 1 | |||
| Githabul | yes | 24 | 1 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | no | The indefinite tense is used to express imperative modality | Quesada 2008:117-8 | |||
| Gugu-Badhun | yes | 154 | 1 | |||
| Gumbaynggirr | yes | 296 | 1 | |||
| Guna | no | imperative verb carries no inflection | Smith texts | |||
| Gunya | yes | 325 | 1 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | yes | 80 | 1 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | yes | 74 | 1 | |||
| Hup | yes | bare verb stem with high tone | Epps 2008 | |||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | no | A verbal periphrastic strategy is used where the verb occurs uninflected and it is followed by a stressed auxiliary verb | Frank 1990:86-7 | |||
| Ingá | yes | Levinson 1987:20 | ||||
| Jaru | yes | 79 | 1 | |||
| Jingulu | yes | 1 | ||||
| Kaingang | no | /ra/ seems to have several functions, which includes imperative | Goncalves 2011:82 | |||
| Kakua | no | there is one morpheme specifically for negative imperative, but not for imperatives. Imperatives are formed by marking 2sg. Proclitic on the verb and reduplication of the last vowel of the stem of the verb. | Bolaños fieldnotes | |||
| Kalkatungu | yes | 57 | 1 | |||
| Karajarri | Yes | 165 | 1 | |||
| Karitiana | yes | However, it only occurs when the verb ends in a consonant | Everett 2006:326;Landin 1980:16-17 | |||
| Katthang | yes | 80-81 | 1 | |||
| Kaurna | yes | 17 | 1 | |||
| Kawaiisu | yes | |||||
| Kinikinau | yes | The "subjunctive" suffix is used in imperative constructions along with second person inflexion | Souza 2008:128 | |||
| Kitanemuk | yes | |||||
| Kogi | yes | Ortiz 1994:390 | ||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010:548 | ||||
| Kokatha | Yes | 30 | 1 | |||
| Koreguaje | yes | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.58 | ||||
| Kotiria | yes | Stenzel 2004, p. 378 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | yes | 409 | 1 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | yes | 93 | 1 | |||
| Kunjen | yes | 110 | 1 | |||
| Kurrama | yes | 127-8 | 1 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 382 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | yes | |||||
| Macaguan | yes | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no | The 2nd person indicative form is used. | Zamponi 2003:42 | |||
| Makiritare | yes | Hall 1988: 346 | ||||
| Makuna | yes | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.62 | ||||
| Makushi | no | Lots of forms: 2nd person static: -kî/-tî, motion away from: -ta/-tantî, motion towards: -tane'kî/-tane'tî, future: m-…-I, future polite: mî-…-I, negative: k(î/î'/îs)-…-I; 1+2person hortative: -pai/-pai'nîkon; 3rd person: n(î)-/i-…-i | Abbott 1991: 49 | |||
| Mapudungun | yes | The form of this morpheme is based on the examples in the source and not explicitly defined as such by the author. | Salas 1992, p.112 | There are morphemes for first person, second (singular and plura), third person and exhortatives | ||
| Marrgany | yes | 315 | 1 | |||
| Martuthunira | yes | 149 | 1 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | yes | 98 | 1 | |||
| Matses | yes | Fleck:443 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | yes | 56 | 1 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | Imperative form is indicated by either the use of the verb root (ie. Imperative form) or by the addition of an adverbial complement put in front of the verb. | Minor and Minor 1982. p.69 | |||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | yes | 182 | 1 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | no | Imperatives are formed using irrealis markers and omitting the subject person marker or free pronoun. | Michael, 2008. p. 399 | |||
| Narungga | No | 74 | 0 | |||
| Naso | yes | singular and plural addresee | Quesada 2000 | |||
| Ngaatjatjara | yes | 32 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | yes | 42 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No | 15 | 0 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | yes | 158-160 | 1 | |||
| Nhanta | yes | 91; 94; 136 | 1 | |||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011 | ||||
| Ninam | no | multiple 2nd person singular forms | Goodwin-Gomez, p.106 | |||
| Northern Emberá | yes | Mortensen 1999:85 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | no | |||||
| Nyangumarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyikina | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no info | x | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | yes | 207 | 1 | |||
| Palikur | yes | Green and Green 1972:4 | ||||
| Panyjima | yes | 203-204 | 1 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | yes | However, the "simple imperatve" does not get a distinct morpheme but it is distinguished from indicative sentences because it takes different person markers. Other types of imperatives do get a distinc marker. Notice that it is represented as -py in the s | Zarratea 2002:108-9 | |||
| Paresi | no | There is no special verbal form or marking for positive imperatives | Brandão 2010:47-8 | |||
| Pemon | yes | de Armellada 1999: 9 | These are both suffixes and are used for simple imperatives. They can be combined with the infix tanë to indicate that the receiver must come to where the speaker is to do something. To indicate that the receiver should go somewhere and do something the s | |||
| Piapoco | no | The verb appears in minimal form, with person markers, but not with any other morphology. | Galindo, 2002: 270 | |||
| Pintupi | no | 168-169 | 0 | |||
| Pitjantjatjara | Yes | Y 8 | 1 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | yes | 202 | 1 | |||
| Puinave | yes | Giron 2008: p271 | ||||
| Páez | yes | Jung:87 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | yes | Parker 1965:28 | ||||
| Resígaro | yes | Distinct 2nd person prefix from declarative clauses, plus a tone change if the penultimate (and antepenultimate) syllables have a) short vowels and b) low tone. | Allin, 1976: 99, 138 | |||
| Ritharrngu | No | 76 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no | Borgman 1990: 73-76 | ||||
| Serrano | yes | |||||
| Shoshone | no | |||||
| Sikuani | no | two injunctive suffixes | Quixalós 2000:295 | |||
| Siona | no | Instead, there are individual imperative suffixes for each person/number/gender as well as aspect. | Wheeler - 1970:93,104-105; Wheeler - 1987:158 | |||
| Southern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Southern Ute | yes | |||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | yes | Retuarã has second-person imperatives, indirect & negative imperatives, horatory forms, and third-person imperatives. | Strom 1992, p.135 | |||
| Tariana | yes | The most common imperative strategy involves an "unmarked" verb--unmarked for tense, aspect, evidentiality, etc. | Aikhenvald, 2003: 371 | |||
| Thanggati | yes | 47-50 | 1 | |||
| Tharrkari | Yes | 40 | 1 | |||
| Tikuna | no | Based on the examples | Montes 2004b:155 | |||
| Timbisha | yes | |||||
| Tukano | yes | various forms, indirect used to report somone else's command | West and Welch 2004: 16, 120; Ramirez 1997: 145 | |||
| Uradhi | Yes | 363 | 1 | |||
| Urarina | yes | Olawsky:569 | ||||
| Wajarri | Yes | 96 | 1 | |||
| Wakaya | yes | 206 | 1 | |||
| Walmajarri | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | yes | 36 | 1 | |||
| Waorani | yes | Peeke 1973:16, 39 | ||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos, 2006:164 | ||||
| Warlpiri | yes | n40 | 1 | |||
| Warluwarra | yes | 868 | 1 | |||
| Warnman | Yes | 45 | 1 | |||
| Warrgamay | Yes | 53 | 1 | |||
| Warrwa | no info | x | ||||
| Warumungu | yes | 33 | 1 | |||
| Warungu | yes | 278 | 1 | |||
| Wathawurrung | yes | 80 | 1 | |||
| Waunana | yes | http://wals.info/static/descriptions/72/wals_feature_72.pdf | ||||
| Wayuu | no | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 801 | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 43 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | no | |||||
| WesternTorres | yes | K85c 88 | 1 | |||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | yes | 116-119 | 1 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no | 75 | 0 | |||
| Worrorra | yes? | 87 | 1 | |||
| Yagua | yes | modal auxiliary /a/ | Payne and Payne 1990 | |||
| Yalarnnga | yes | 45 | 1 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no | 66 | 0 | |||
| Yanesha' | no | The same form used for second person indicative is used for imperatives. However, the negative imperative is marked by {=ats} | Duff-Tripp 1997:114 | |||
| Yanomami | no | Ramirez 1994: 324-329 | ||||
| Yanyuwa | yes | 143 | 1 | |||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 64 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | yes | 97-104 | 1 | |||
| Yindjilindji | yes | 510 | 1 | |||
| Yine | no | Matteson 1965:72-73 | ||||
| Yingkarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | yes | 86 | 1 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no | The imperative mood "covers up" the declarative. | Shauer & Shauer, 2000: 314, Shauer & Shauer, 1987: p. 38 | |||
| Yulparija | Yes | 35 | 1 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | Yes | 61 | 1 |
| Language |
|---|
Showing 1 to 193 of 193 entries