Epistemic possibility: affix on verb
- Category
- Verbal Categories - Mood
- Notes
- Modal expressing hypothesis
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | yes | There is an affix for probability | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 102 | |||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 72 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | yes | Overall 2007:371 | ||||
| Alyawarr | no info | X | ||||
| Andoke | no info | |||||
| Apurinã | no | Not listed among verbal morphology or "bound formatives" (clitics). | Facundes, 2000: 305-327, 379-410 | |||
| Arabana | yes | 258 | 1 | |||
| Arrernte | Yes | 174 | 1 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | yes | No evidence of a separate phoneme for this; best shown in future tense affixes. | Payne 1981; Payne 1983 | |||
| Añun | no info | no discussion of mood | Patte 1989 | |||
| Bandjalang | yes | Sharpe 78 | 1 | |||
| Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | yes | Anticipatory aspect is used to explain an event by means of the action or state anticipated as the resultant event. | Jones & Jones 1991, p.97-98 | |||
| Bardi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Bare | no | Aikhenvald, 1995: 33 | ||||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | no info | Danielsen 2007 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
| Bilinarra | no info | x | ||||
| Biri | no info | x | ||||
| Bora | no info | Seifart - 2005 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 0 | ||||
| Bunuba | yes | 1 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | yes | Huayhua Pari 2001: 138 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | yes | |||||
| Comanche | yes | |||||
| Cubeo | yes | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 26, 34 | ||||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | yes | |||||
| Darkinyung | no info | x | ||||
| Desano | yes | Miller 1999, p. 81 | ||||
| Dharawal | yes | 55-56 | 1 | |||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 0 | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no info | x | ||||
| Djinang | Yes | 193 | 1 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 103, 111-112 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 123 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | no | Payne 2012 | ||||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | no? | 68 | 0 | |||
| Githabul | yes | 24 | 1 | |||
| Gooniyandi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Guaymí | no info | |||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no | 155 | 0 | |||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 335 | 0 | |||
| Guna | yes | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | yes | 327 | 1 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | yes | 93 | 1 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | yes | 77 | 1 | |||
| Hup | yes | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | no | Frank 1985:60-104 | ||||
| Ingá | no info | |||||
| Jaru | no info | x | ||||
| Jingulu | yes | 1 | ||||
| Kaingang | no | Silva 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | yes | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | yes | 98 | 1 | |||
| Karajarri | No | 186 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no info | |||||
| Katthang | no info | x | ||||
| Kaurna | yes | 19 | 1 | |||
| Kawaiisu | yes | |||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | yes | Ortiz 1994:397 | ||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010:500 | ||||
| Kokatha | Yes | 38 | 1 | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.55-65, 82 | ||||
| Kotiria | no | evidentials can have epistemic interpretations | Stenzel 2004 | |||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | yes | 435 | 1 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 0 | ||||
| Kunjen | No | 105 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | no info | x | ||||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | Yes | 390 | 1 | |||
| Luiseño | ||||||
| Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | yes | Zamponi 2003:41 | ||||
| Makiritare | no info | Hall 1988: 336 | ||||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.64, 70 | not indicated but source is limited | |||
| Makushi | no info | Abbott 1991: 117-122 | ||||
| Mapudungun | no info | |||||
| Marrgany | yes | 317 | 1 | |||
| Martuthunira | no info | x | ||||
| Mathi-Mathi | no info | x | ||||
| Matses | no info | |||||
| Mayi-Yapi | yes | 59 | 1 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | not indicated/expected | Minor and Minor 1982. p.53 | |||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | yes | 171, 179 | 1 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no info | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | yes | Michael, 2008. p. 273-274 | ||||
| Narungga | No info | 74 | x | |||
| Naso | yes | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | yes | 119 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No info | x | ||||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No info | x | ||||
| Ngiyambaa | yes | 162 | 1 | |||
| Nhanta | no info | x | ||||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011:349 | ||||
| Ninam | no | Goodwin-Gomez, p.98 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | no | Mortensen 1999:59-88 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no info | X | ||||
| Palikur | no | Launey 2003 | ||||
| Panyjima | no | 175 | 0 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | yes | Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:101 | ||||
| Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
| Pemon | yes | de Armellada 1999: 201, 202 | ||||
| Piapoco | no | Galindo, 2002: 156-178 | ||||
| Pintupi | no | 69 | 0 | |||
| Pitjantjatjara | Yes | G 287 | 1 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 220 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | yes | Giron 2008: p287 | ||||
| Páez | no info | |||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no | Parker 1965:95 | ||||
| Resígaro | no | No indication of such an affix in the discussion of verb stems or verb words. | Allin, 1976: 105, 124 | |||
| Ritharrngu | No | 111 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no | Borgman 1990: 172, 195-197 | ||||
| Serrano | ||||||
| Shoshone | ||||||
| Sikuani | yes | de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:18; Queixalós - 2000:348-349 | ||||
| Siona | no | Does not appear as a dedicated affix. | Wheeler - 1987:173-174 | |||
| Southern Paiute | ||||||
| Southern Ute | yes | |||||
| Surui | no | |||||
| Tanimuca | yes | Strom 1992, p.82 | ||||
| Tariana | no | Aikhenvald, 2003: 380-399 | ||||
| Thanggati | no | 67 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | Yes | 43 | 1 | |||
| Tikuna | yes | |||||
| Timbisha | ||||||
| Tukano | yes | above all expresses uncertainty | West and Welch 2004: 25: Ramirez 1997: 159 | |||
| Uradhi | No info | 364, 381-5 | x | |||
| Urarina | yes | There is a suffix for probability and another for inprobability | Olwasky:461, 480 | |||
| Wajarri | Yes | 99 | 1 | |||
| Wakaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Walmajarri | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wambaya | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wangkumara | yes | 35 | 1 | |||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos 2006 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no info | 0 | ||||
| Warluwarra | no info | x | ||||
| Warnman | no info | x | ||||
| Warrgamay | No | 82 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no info | x | ||||
| Warumungu | yes | 34 | 1 | |||
| Warungu | no info | X | ||||
| Wathawurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | no | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800 | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | maybe | H 46 | 1 | |||
| Western Mono | ||||||
| WesternTorres | no info | x | ||||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | yes | 121, 125 | 1 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Worrorra | yes | ms8.4.3 | 1 | |||
| Yagua | no info | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | yes | 64-5 | 1 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no info | x | ||||
| Yanesha' | no info | Duff-Tripp | ||||
| Yanomami | no | Ramirez 1994 | ||||
| Yanyuwa | yes | 4 | 1 | |||
| Yavitero | yes | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 68 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | not done yet | X | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no info | x | ||||
| Yindjilindji | no info | x | ||||
| Yine | no info | Matteson 1965:70-81 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 87 | 0 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no info | There are "subjunctive markers," one of these functions is to indicate possibility, but it looks like situational, rather than epistemic possibility. | Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 523 | |||
| Yulparija | no info | x | ||||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 46 | 0 |
| Language |
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