| Cahuilla |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 100 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
For a prohibitive, the negative marker in a regular declarative clause is "removed" and the negative imperative clitic is used instead. |
Allin, 1976: 354 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 33 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
This marker is intrinsically an imperative negative, although the declarative negative can also be used for this function. Fill in page number!!! |
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 523, Shauer, 1978: p. 38 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 65 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos, 2006: 165 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no info |
No description of the structure of imperatives (or negative imperatives) in any source. |
|
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 409 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
Facundes discusses morphological and periphrastic negation, but does not indicate a difference between imperative and declarative clauses. |
Facundes, 2000: 530-533 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no info |
|
Payne 1981; Payne 1982:910 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
Dedicated prohibative morpheme separates the two. |
Zamponi 2003:41 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:179-181 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no |
|
Souza 2008:130 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
|
Danielsen 2007:339 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
Positive polarity imperatives can use either regular or polite imperative, negative polarity must use polite imperative form, without irrealis marking. |
Michael, 2008. p. 400-401 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
|
Brandão 2010:55 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
yes |
suffix -ata added to verb |
Patte 1989:109 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
Different affixes are used. |
Seifart - 2005: 51-61 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 345 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
In imperatives the verb is marked with the negative imperative affixation (see above), in demonstratives, a clause level negativizer, 'pra' occurs occurs following the clause. |
Abbott 1991: 52, 55 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
k- -eme negative imperative, different types of negative markers for declaratives |
Payne 2012:353-361, 368 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
yes |
|
de Armellada 1999: 123 |
|
pra is used in one of the imperative examples on page 9 and then has a whole section on page 238 where it is used to negate declaratives |
|
| Guna |
yes |
different particle for prohibitive |
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
yes |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1985:118-122 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no info |
maybe not since the imperative takes the same morphology as finite verbs |
|
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
different suffixes: -ung (imperative), -uní (perfective), -ungui (durative) |
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no info |
|
Queixalós 2000 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:324, 358 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
yes |
{=ẽ} is the declarative negator whereas {-rã} is the imperative negator |
Mortensen 1999:11-2 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no |
The same strtegy for negation is used for both declarative clauses and imperatives |
Peeke 1991:25-28 |
|
|
|
| Ingá |
yes |
/ama/ is the negative for imperatives |
Levinson 1978:30 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
|
Fleck:443-5 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
yes |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p.110-11 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
yes |
|
Jung: 88, 193-6 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
Negative imperative use the negative particle ama while indicative use the negative particle mana |
Soto 1976:55 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:569-92 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
|
Loewen 1954:53, 61 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
|
Landaburu 1979: 100; 227 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
"Actually, there is a negative imperative prefix" D Valle |
Giron 2008: p395/273 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kakua |
yes |
negation in imperative must also have the regular negation marker |
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.50, 64 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
negation marker is attached to the imperative construction to form negative imperative. Weir 1984:250 |
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 73 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 24 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 389 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.60 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.61 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
Negation of imperatives is for the most part regular. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.126 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
|
Strom 1992, p.40 |
|
In declarative or interrogative sentences, the suffix -be negates the clause and follows the verb root (scopes the whole sent.) Negation of imperatives is accomplished by suffixing -aʔsi to the verb root, and constituents are negated by the neg. verb bã |
|
| Siona |
no |
Both use the negative affix. |
Wheeler - 1987:151, 156 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1997: 145, 151 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1994: 240 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
yes |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.107 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
yes |
It seems that there is a difference in the tone of the last syllable of the verb |
Storto 1999:104 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
yes |
|
Cruz 2011:406-408 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
prohibitive marked by a particle |
Vallejos 2010:561 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
64, 88 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
no |
|
36-7, 81 |
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
n237, s164 |
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
yes |
|
86 |
|
|
1 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
166 |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
157 |
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
66, 70, 136-7 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
yes |
|
57 |
|
|
1 |
| Woiwurrung |
yes |
|
75, 77 |
|
|
1 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
117, 141-2 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 44 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
56 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
Yes |
|
363 |
|
|
1 |
| Paakantyi |
yes |
|
228-229 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
203 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
195 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
127 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
160 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
yes |
|
15 |
|
|
1 |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
187, 197 |
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
yes |
|
56 |
|
|
1 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
149, 178, 271 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
343 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
384 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
93 |
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
438 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
yes |
|
17 |
|
|
1 |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
98-9 |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
88 |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
92 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
335 |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
yes |
|
155 |
|
|
1 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
108 |
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
yes |
|
111-2 |
|
|
1 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
82, 110 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
191 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
170 |
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
yes |
|
58 |
|
|
1 |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
54-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Biri |
no |
|
57 |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
236 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
129 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
Yes |
|
39 |
|
|
1 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
81 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
yes |
|
103 |
|
|
1 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
yes |
|
98 |
|
|
1 |
| Thanggati |
yes |
|
49, 57, 68, 72, 74 |
|
|
1 |
| Katthang |
yes |
|
89-90 |
|
|
1 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
204 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
yes |
|
42 |
|
|
1 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
128 |
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
44 |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
343 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
126 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
yes? |
|
K85c 89, FO 127-8 |
|
|
1 |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
207 |
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
yes |
|
504 |
|
|
1 |
| Bandjalang |
yes |
|
95 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
96 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
172 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
Yes |
|
30 |
|
|
1 |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
177 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
G 247 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
76 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
Yes |
|
53 |
|
|
1 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
874 |
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Djapu |
no |
|
141, 144 |
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
7.4 (7-71, 7-72) |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
83 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
27 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
132 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
yes |
|
283 |
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:314 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
