Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
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Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
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Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 100 | ||||
Aché | no info | |||||
Adnyamathanha | ||||||
Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 83 | 0 | |||
Aguaruna | yes | Overall 2007:324, 358 | ||||
Alyawarr | no | 129 | 0 | |||
Andoke | yes | Landaburu 1979: 100; 227 | ||||
Apurinã | no | Facundes discusses morphological and periphrastic negation, but does not indicate a difference between imperative and declarative clauses. | Facundes, 2000: 530-533 | |||
Arabana | yes | 236 | 1 | |||
Arrernte | Yes | 172 | 1 | |||
Asheninka Apurucayali | no info | Payne 1981; Payne 1982:910 | ||||
Añun | yes | suffix -ata added to verb | Patte 1989:109 | |||
Bandjalang | yes | 95 | 1 | |||
Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
Barasano | no | Negation of imperatives is for the most part regular. | Jones & Jones 1991, p.126 | |||
Bardi | yes | 1 | ||||
Bare | yes | Aikhenvald, 1995: 33 | ||||
Batyala | no info | x | ||||
Baure | no | Danielsen 2007:339 | ||||
Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
Bilinarra | no | 7.4 (7-71, 7-72) | 0 | |||
Biri | no | 57 | 0 | |||
Bora | yes | Different affixes are used. | Seifart - 2005: 51-61 | |||
Bularnu | no info | x | ||||
Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
Cabecar | no info | |||||
Cahuilla | no | |||||
Central Aymara | no info | |||||
Chemehuevi | no | |||||
Comanche | yes | |||||
Cubeo | no | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 24 | ||||
Cupeño | no | |||||
Damana | yes | different suffixes: -ung (imperative), -uní (perfective), -ungui (durative) | ||||
Darkinyung | no | 54-5 | 0 | |||
Desano | no | Miller 1999, p. 73 | ||||
Dharawal | yes | 58 | 1 | |||
Dharuk | ||||||
Diyari | no | 170 | 0 | |||
Djabugay | ||||||
Djapu | no | 141, 144 | 0 | |||
Djinang | No | 191 | 0 | |||
Duungidjawu | no | 82, 110 | 0 | |||
Dyirbal | yes | 111-2 | 1 | |||
Dâw | yes | Martins 2004 | ||||
Eñepa | yes | k- -eme negative imperative, different types of negative markers for declaratives | Payne 2012:353-361, 368 | |||
Gabrielino | yes | |||||
Garrwa | no | 36-7, 81 | 0 | |||
Githabul | yes | 44 | 1 | |||
Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
Guaymí | no info | maybe not since the imperative takes the same morphology as finite verbs | ||||
Gugu-Badhun | yes | 155 | 1 | |||
Gumbaynggirr | yes | 335 | 1 | |||
Guna | yes | different particle for prohibitive | Smith texts | |||
Gunya | No | 343 | 0 | |||
Gupapuyngu | ||||||
Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 92 | 0 | |||
Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | yes | 98 | 1 | |||
Hup | yes | Epps 2008 | ||||
Idaho Shoshone | no | |||||
Ika | no | Frank 1985:118-122 | ||||
Ingá | yes | /ama/ is the negative for imperatives | Levinson 1978:30 | |||
Jaru | no | 88 | 0 | |||
Jingulu | yes | 1 | ||||
Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 | ||||
Kakua | yes | negation in imperative must also have the regular negation marker | Bolaños fieldnotes | |||
Kalkatungu | yes | 98-9 | 1 | |||
Karajarri | Yes | 177 | 1 | |||
Karitiana | yes | It seems that there is a difference in the tone of the last syllable of the verb | Storto 1999:104 | |||
Katthang | yes | 89-90 | 1 | |||
Kaurna | yes | 17 | 1 | |||
Kawaiisu | yes | |||||
Kinikinau | no | Souza 2008:130 | ||||
Kitanemuk | yes | |||||
Kogi | no info | |||||
Kokama | yes | prohibitive marked by a particle | Vallejos 2010:561 | |||
Kokatha | Yes | 30 | 1 | |||
Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.61 | ||||
Kotiria | yes | Stenzel 2004, p. 389 | ||||
Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 438 | 0 | |||
Kuku Yalanji | no | 93 | 0 | |||
Kunjen | No | 126 | 0 | |||
Kurrama | no | 128 | 0 | |||
Kuuk Thaayorre | Yes | 384 | 1 | |||
Luiseño | yes | |||||
Macaguan | no | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
Maipure | yes | Dedicated prohibative morpheme separates the two. | Zamponi 2003:41 | |||
Makiritare | no | Hall 1988: 345 | ||||
Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.60 | ||||
Makushi | yes | In imperatives the verb is marked with the negative imperative affixation (see above), in demonstratives, a clause level negativizer, 'pra' occurs occurs following the clause. | Abbott 1991: 52, 55 | |||
Mapudungun | yes | Zúñiga 2006, p.110-11 | ||||
Marrgany | No | 343 | 0 | |||
Martuthunira | no | 149, 178, 271 | 0 | |||
Mathi-Mathi | yes | 103 | 1 | |||
Matses | yes | Fleck:443-5 | ||||
Mayi-Yapi | yes | 56 | 1 | |||
Minica Witoto | yes | Minor and Minor 1982. p.50, 64 | ||||
Mpakwithi | ||||||
Muruwari | no | 187, 197 | 0 | |||
Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | negation marker is attached to the imperative construction to form negative imperative. Weir 1984:250 | Weir 1984 | |||
Nanti | yes | Positive polarity imperatives can use either regular or polite imperative, negative polarity must use polite imperative form, without irrealis marking. | Michael, 2008. p. 400-401 | |||
Narungga | No info | x | ||||
Naso | yes | Quesada 2000 | ||||
Ngaatjatjara | No | 96 | 0 | |||
Ngarinyeri | yes | 42 | 1 | |||
Ngarinyin | ||||||
Ngayawang | yes | 15 | 1 | |||
Ngiyambaa | yes | 160 | 1 | |||
Nhanta | no | 127 | 0 | |||
Nheengatu | yes | Cruz 2011:406-408 | ||||
Ninam | yes | Goodwin-Gomez, p.107 | ||||
Northern Emberá | yes | {=ẽ} is the declarative negator whereas {-rã} is the imperative negator | Mortensen 1999:11-2 | Catío | ||
Northern Paiute | yes | |||||
Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
Nyikina | yes | 1 | ||||
Nyulnyul | yes | 1 | ||||
Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
Paakantyi | yes | 228-229 | 1 | |||
Palikur | no | Launey 2003 | ||||
Panyjima | yes | 204 | 1 | |||
Paraguayan Guaraní | no info | |||||
Paresi | yes | Brandão 2010:55 | ||||
Pemon | yes | de Armellada 1999: 123 | pra is used in one of the imperative examples on page 9 and then has a whole section on page 238 where it is used to negate declaratives | |||
Piapoco | no info | |||||
Pintupi | no | 195 | 0 | |||
Pitjantjatjara | Yes | G 247 | 1 | |||
Pitta-Pitta | No | 203 | 0 | |||
Puinave | yes | "Actually, there is a negative imperative prefix" D Valle | Giron 2008: p395/273 | |||
Páez | yes | Jung: 88, 193-6 | ||||
Quechua Ayacuchano | yes | Negative imperative use the negative particle ama while indicative use the negative particle mana | Soto 1976:55 | |||
Resígaro | yes | For a prohibitive, the negative marker in a regular declarative clause is "removed" and the negative imperative clitic is used instead. | Allin, 1976: 354 | |||
Ritharrngu | Yes | 76 | 1 | |||
Sanumá | no info | |||||
Serrano | yes | |||||
Shoshone | yes | |||||
Sikuani | no info | Queixalós 2000 | ||||
Siona | no | Both use the negative affix. | Wheeler - 1987:151, 156 | |||
Southern Paiute | no | |||||
Southern Ute | yes | |||||
Surui | no info | |||||
Tanimuca | yes | Strom 1992, p.40 | In declarative or interrogative sentences, the suffix -be negates the clause and follows the verb root (scopes the whole sent.) Negation of imperatives is accomplished by suffixing -aʔsi to the verb root, and constituents are negated by the neg. verb bã | |||
Tariana | yes | Aikhenvald, 2003: 409 | ||||
Thanggati | yes | 49, 57, 68, 72, 74 | 1 | |||
Tharrkari | No | 27 | 0 | |||
Tikuna | no info | |||||
Timbisha | no | |||||
Tukano | yes | Ramirez 1997: 145, 151 | ||||
Uradhi | Yes | 363 | 1 | |||
Urarina | no | Olawsky:569-92 | ||||
Wajarri | No | 132 | 0 | |||
Wakaya | yes | 207 | 1 | |||
Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
Wambaya | yes | 1 | ||||
Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
Waorani | no | The same strtegy for negation is used for both declarative clauses and imperatives | Peeke 1991:25-28 | |||
Wapishana | no | Santos, 2006: 165 | ||||
Warlpiri | yes | n237, s164 | 1 | |||
Warluwarra | no | 874 | 0 | |||
Warnman | no info | x | ||||
Warrgamay | Yes | 53 | 1 | |||
Warrwa | no info | x | ||||
Warumungu | yes | 56 | 1 | |||
Warungu | yes | 283 | 1 | |||
Wathawurrung | no | 81 | 0 | |||
Waunana | yes | Loewen 1954:53, 61 | ||||
Wayuu | no info | No description of the structure of imperatives (or negative imperatives) in any source. | ||||
Wemba-Wemba | no | H 44 | 0 | |||
Western Mono | yes | |||||
WesternTorres | yes? | K85c 89, FO 127-8 | 1 | |||
Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
Wirangu | No | 117, 141-2 | 0 | |||
Woiwurrung | yes | 75, 77 | 1 | |||
Worrorra | yes | 64, 88 | 1 | |||
Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990:314 | ||||
Yalarnnga | yes | 57 | 1 | |||
Yan-nhangu | ||||||
Yandruwandha | yes | 66, 70, 136-7 | 1 | |||
Yanesha' | no | Duff-Tripp 1997:179-181 | ||||
Yanomami | yes | Ramirez 1994: 240 | ||||
Yanyuwa | yes | 157 | 1 | |||
Yavitero | yes | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 65 | ||||
Yawuru | ||||||
Yidiny | yes | 1 | ||||
Yindjibarndi | no | 166 | 0 | |||
Yindjilindji | yes | 504 | 1 | |||
Yine | no info | Matteson 1965 | ||||
Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
Yir Yoront | ||||||
Yorta Yorta | yes | 86 | 1 | |||
Yugambeh | ||||||
Yukuna | yes | This marker is intrinsically an imperative negative, although the declarative negative can also be used for this function. Fill in page number!!! | Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 523, Shauer, 1978: p. 38 | |||
Yulparija | Yes | 39 | 1 | |||
Yuwaalaraay | Yes | 108 | 1 |
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