Alignment of case marking in full NPs: nominative-accusative w/ marked accusative
- Category
- Simple Clauses - Alignment
- Notes
- Objects of transitive clauses ('P') have a unique marker, while subjects of transitive ('A') and intransitive ('S') clauses are unmarked or share a different marker from that occurring on objects
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 54 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | yes | Overall 2007:214 | ||||
| Alyawarr | no | 70 | 0 | |||
| Andoke | no info | nominative not marked, no info about accusative. | Landaburu 1979: 155-160 | |||
| Apurinã | no | Subject/objects NPs are not case marked. | Facundes, 2000: 471-481 | |||
| Arabana | no | 65-6 | 0 | |||
| Arrernte | No | 121 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Full NPs are not marked for case | Payne 1983:1619, 2325 | |||
| Añun | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | No | 58 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | yes | The subject in Barasano bears no case marking whereas the object is generally marked when it is definite. | Jones & Jones 1991, p.65 | Barasano is a nominative-accusative language. | ||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | no | The word order indicates Subjects S and Sa come before the verb and the object after it | Aikhenvald, 1995: 44 | |||
| Batyala | No | 200 | 0 | |||
| Baure | no | The only case is the locative one. Subjects and objects do not show case. | Danielsen 2007:100-1 | |||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no | 54-5; 57; 103-6 | 0 | |||
| Bilinarra | no | 1.1000000000000000888 | 0 | |||
| Biri | no | 14 | 0 | |||
| Bora | yes | Seifart - 2005:68 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 0 | ||||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | yes | |||||
| Central Aymara | no | Huayhua Pari 2001: 123 | ru, a directional suffix, can be attached to objects, but it does not function as an object marker; it's function is still primarily directional. Additionally there are plenty of example on pg. 289 (Huayhua Pari 2001) where the objects don't have markers | |||
| Chemehuevi | yes | |||||
| Comanche | yes | |||||
| Cubeo | yes | the -RE suffix is only obligatory on indirect objects and usually used on direct objects. The only time it is omitted on direct objects is for inanimate objects, if an animate obj is sentence final and being introduced, or in a list | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 110 | |||
| Cupeño | yes | |||||
| Damana | no | |||||
| Darkinyung | no | 19 | 0 | |||
| Desano | yes | Miller 1999, p. 123 | ||||
| Dharawal | no | 47-48 | 0 | |||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 0 | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no | 33 | 0 | |||
| Djinang | No | 27 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 25 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 42 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | yes | ('P') argument gets an 'affected' marker: -ɯ̃́jʔ | Martins 2004 | |||
| Eñepa | no | Payne 2012 | ||||
| Gabrielino | yes | |||||
| Garrwa | yes | 2, 4-6 | 1 | |||
| Githabul | No | 13 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | no | Quesada 2008:155-9 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no | 110-1 | 0 | |||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 254 | 0 | |||
| Guna | no | no core case markers | Smith texts | |||
| Gunya | No | 301 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 47 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 26 | 0 | |||
| Hup | yes | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | yes | |||||
| Ika | no | Frank 1985:49 | ||||
| Ingá | yes | Levinson 1978:7 | ||||
| Jaru | no | 57 | 0 | |||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no | Silva 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | yes | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no | 27 | 0 | |||
| Karajarri | No | 115 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no | The language shows a neuter allignment in which S, A and O gets zero case-marking | Everett 2006:304-5 | |||
| Katthang | no | 30 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | No | 5 | 0 | |||
| Kawaiisu | yes | |||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | yes | |||||
| Kogi | no | Stendal 1976:18 | ||||
| Kokama | no | NPs are not marked for core cases | Vallejos 2010 | |||
| Kokatha | No | 52 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.89-91 | ||||
| Kotiria | yes | objects occasionally are not marked. Stenzel's hypothesis is that any nominal constituent in a preverbal position in a transitive clause is the object. | Stenzel 2004, p. 217 | |||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 390 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 0 | ||||
| Kunjen | No | 30 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | yes | 28-34 | 1 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 148 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | yes | |||||
| Macaguan | no | Buenaventura - 1993:91-101 | ||||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003:21-26, 37 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | no core case marking on full NPs | Hall 1988:44 | Discussions of ergativity in Hall 1988: 123-128; Hall 1984 (Split-ergativity in pronominal agreement systems) is inconclusive | ||
| Makuna | yes | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.31 | ||||
| Makushi | no | Carson 1982: 79 | ||||
| Mapudungun | no | Zúñiga 2006, p. 87 | ||||
| Marrgany | No | 301 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 66 | 0 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 75-78 | 0 | |||
| Matses | no | Fleck:854 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 51 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | Minor and Minor 1982. p.71-82 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no | 0 | ||||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | n/a | Grammatical relations between nouns are marked on verbs, and not on nouns themselves. Only one (locative) case marker. | Michael, 2008. p. 340 | |||
| Narungga | No | 69 | 0 | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 35 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | yes | 18 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No | 10 | 0 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | no | 83 | 0 | |||
| Nhanta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nheengatu | no | no core NP marking | Cruz 2011 | |||
| Ninam | no | Goodwin-Gomez: 77-78 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | no | Mortensen 1999:8, 47 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no | 0 | ||||
| Palikur | no | Green and Green 1972:3-9 | ||||
| Panyjima | yes | 137 | 1 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | yes | Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:130-1 | ||||
| Paresi | no | Brandão 2010, Rowan and Burgues 1979 | ||||
| Pemon | no | de Armellada 1999:16-25, 112-8, 276-7 | ||||
| Piapoco | n/a | No case marking on subjects and objects. | Galindo, 2002: 113-121 | |||
| Pintupi | no | 0 | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | Y 20 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 196 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | yes | Giron 2008: p356 | ||||
| Páez | yes | Jung:114-5 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | yes | Parker 1965:39-46 | ||||
| Resígaro | no | No case marking of SAO | Allin, 1976: 290-291 | |||
| Ritharrngu | No | 35 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no | Borgman 1990: 121 | ||||
| Serrano | yes | |||||
| Shoshone | yes | |||||
| Sikuani | no | no core case marking | Queixalós 2000 | |||
| Siona | no | Wheeler - 1987:124-133 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Southern Ute | yes | |||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | yes | Strom 1992, p.112-114 | ||||
| Tariana | yes | A small subset of intransitives (verbs of physical states) require accusative-marked subjects. | Aikhenvald, 2003: 139 | |||
| Thanggati | no | 11 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 24-5 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | yes | The animate objects may take the dative case marker | Faco Soares 1993:92-93 | |||
| Timbisha | yes | |||||
| Tukano | no | nominative-accusative with neither full NP marked. Verbal agreement marks S of intrans and A of trans | Ramirez 1997: 108 | |||
| Uradhi | No | 336 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no | NPs are not case-marked. Thus, it seems that there is a neuter alligment with respect to nouns | Olawsky:152-4, 298-354 | |||
| Wajarri | No | 39 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no? | r8-9 | 0 | |||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | yes | Santos, 2006: 210 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no | BS152 | 0 | |||
| Warluwarra | no | 885 | 0 | |||
| Warnman | No | 13 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 28 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Warumungu | No | 18 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | no | 157, 183 | 0 | |||
| Wathawurrung | no | 72 | 0 | |||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | n/a | No case marking on subject/object NPs. | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800 | |||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 28 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | yes | |||||
| WesternTorres | no | FO 122 | 0 | |||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | No | 47 | 0 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no | 67 | 0 | |||
| Worrorra | no | 44, ms1.7 | 0 | |||
| Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no | 1, 18-29 | 0 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no | 75 | 0 | |||
| Yanesha' | no | sbujects and objects do not get case | Duff-Tripp 1997:35 | |||
| Yanomami | no | Lizot 1996: 51 | ||||
| Yanyuwa | no | 13 | 0 | |||
| Yavitero | no | No case marking on NPs. | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 36-48 | |||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | yes | 54-60 | 1 | |||
| Yindjilindji | no | 505 | 0 | |||
| Yine | no | no case markers | Matteson 1965 | |||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 79 | 0 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | n/a | No case marking on A/O | Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 37 | |||
| Yulparija | No | 20 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 36 | 0 |
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