Other contrasts in demonstratives (visibility, elevation, etc.)
- Category
- Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity
- Notes
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Sorry, we have no imagery here.
Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no info | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No info | 67 | x | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:157-9 | ||||
| Alyawarr | no | 0 | ||||
| Andoke | yes | Landaburu 1979: 135 | ||||
| Apurinã | no | The demonstratives also inflect for gender. | Facundes, 2000: 355-357 | |||
| Arabana | no | 0 | ||||
| Arrernte | Yes | 90 | 1 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | yes | gender | Mihas 2010:174 | |||
| Añun | no | Patte 1989:55 | ||||
| Bandjalang | yes | 70 | 1 | |||
| Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | no | Jones & Jones 1991, p.32-33 | ||||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | yes | Aikhenvald, 1995: 23 | ||||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | yes | "In the singular all demonstratives are distinguished for gender, just like personal pronouns." | Danielsen 2007: p311 | |||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
| Bilinarra | no | 4.2 | 0 | |||
| Biri | no info | x | ||||
| Bora | no | Seifart - 2005:126 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 0 | ||||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | yes | Huayhua Pari 2001: 205 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | ||||||
| Comanche | ||||||
| Cubeo | no | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 83 | ||||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | yes | relative position system--> interiority, exteriority, verticality, horizontality, proximity | ||||
| Darkinyung | no | 24 | 0 | |||
| Desano | yes | for inanimate demonstrative pronouns- thing vs location | Miller 1999, p. 31 | |||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 0 | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | yes | 2 | 1 | |||
| Djinang | No | 38 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 56 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | yes | 46-48 | 1 | |||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | yes | Visibility vs non-visibility is a contrast only for the distal demonstrative "that" | Tosantos 1977:20; Payne 2012:88-89 | |||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | yes | fpro15 | 1 | |||
| Githabul | yes | 17 | 1 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | yes | There is a two-way contrast for "not perceptible things". This seems to be a visibility contrast | Quesada 2008:75 | |||
| Gugu-Badhun | no | 0 | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | yes | 324 | 1 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | No | 305 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 72 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 35 | 0 | |||
| Hup | yes | other' | Epps 2008 | |||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | yes | Pronouns are distinguished between deictic and anaphoric | Frank 1985:35 | |||
| Ingá | no | Levinson 1974:13 | ||||
| Jaru | no | 61, 75 | 0 | |||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no | Goncalves 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | no | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no | 34 | 0 | |||
| Karajarri | No | 252 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | yes | Visibility and physical contact are distinguished in demonstratives | Everett 2006:313-15 | |||
| Katthang | no info | 50 | x | |||
| Kaurna | No | 9 | 0 | |||
| Kawaiisu | ||||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010:214 | ||||
| Kokatha | Yes | 50, 60 | 1 | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.32 | ||||
| Kotiria | no | Stenzel 2004, p. 184 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | yes | 395 | 1 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 0 | ||||
| Kunjen | No | 49 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | yes | 92 | 1 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 255 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | ||||||
| Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no info | Zamponi 2003:22 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Hall 1988: 283 | ||||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.35 | ||||
| Makushi | yes | time, location | Carson 1982:113 | |||
| Mapudungun | no | Zúñiga 2006, p, 92 | ||||
| Marrgany | Maybe | 305 | 1 | |||
| Martuthunira | yes | 112 | 1 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 92 | 0 | |||
| Matses | no | Fleck:258-262 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 53-54 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | yes | The third distance contrast indicates that the referent is out of view but remains audible. | Minor and Minor 1982. p.94 | |||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no info | x | ||||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | no | Michael, 2008. p. 304-305 | ||||
| Narungga | No info | x | ||||
| Naso | yes | non-visible (far, farthest) | Quesada 2000 | |||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 25 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 30 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No | 11 | 0 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | yes | 135 | 1 | |||
| Nhanta | no | 72-73 | 0 | |||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011:146 | ||||
| Ninam | no | Goodwin-Gomez, p.56-57 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | no | Aguirre 1999:78-9 | Chamí | |||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no | 0 | ||||
| Palikur | yes | Green and Green 1972:63 | ||||
| Panyjima | yes | 1 | ||||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | yes | visibility and distance from the speaker and the from the hearer are other factors in guarani demonstratives | Ayala 1996:29-31 | |||
| Paresi | no | Rowan 1978:xiii | ||||
| Pemon | no | de Armellada 1999: 62 | ||||
| Piapoco | no | Galindo, 2002: 186 | ||||
| Pintupi | no info | x | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | Yes | G 104 | 1 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 193 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | yes | distance contrast also includes visibility | Giron 2008: p175 | |||
| Páez | no info | Rojas:197-8 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no | Parker 1965:36 | ||||
| Resígaro | no | Demonstratives carry other affixes, but these are dependent on they noun they modify. | Allin, 1976: 199 | |||
| Ritharrngu | Yes | 50 | 1 | |||
| Sanumá | no | Borgman 1990: p.151 | ||||
| Serrano | ||||||
| Shoshone | ||||||
| Sikuani | no | de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985 | ||||
| Siona | no | Wheeler - 1987:134, 136 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | ||||||
| Southern Ute | ||||||
| Surui | yes | There are two context-related demonstratives: é- "this/that (reference to inmediate context) and i- "it" (reference to wider context which may be non-linguistic) | Van der Meer (?):13 | |||
| Tanimuca | no | Strom 1992, p.51 | ||||
| Tariana | yes | There is also an "emphatic" demonstrative, used to indicate "this very one." | Aikhenvald, 2003: 206 | |||
| Thanggati | no | 30-34 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 16 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | yes | Animacy and "caducy" (not longer having that property (?) ) are distinguished in demonstratives | Montes 2004:164 | |||
| Timbisha | ||||||
| Tukano | yes | visibility, time (if thing in question was in past) | West and Welch 2004: 98-99 | |||
| Uradhi | No | 357 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no | Olawsky:216 | ||||
| Wajarri | No | 81 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Walmajarri | no info | x | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos 2006:188 | ||||
| Warlpiri | yes | n34 | 1 | |||
| Warluwarra | no | 879 | 0 | |||
| Warnman | No | 40 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 44 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Warumungu | No | 32 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | no | 173 | 0 | |||
| Wathawurrung | no | 144 | 0 | |||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | no | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 798 | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | yes | H 39 | 1 | |||
| Western Mono | ||||||
| WesternTorres | yes | FO 137 | 1 | |||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | No | 88 | 0 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Worrorra | yes | 56 | 1 | |||
| Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no | 0 | ||||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no info | x | ||||
| Yanesha' | no | Duff-Tripp 1997:53 | ||||
| Yanomami | yes | visibility | Ramirez 1994: 210 | |||
| Yanyuwa | yes | 7 | 1 | |||
| Yavitero | yes | Visbility: The farthest degree of distance distinguishes between items that are visible and those that are not visible. | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 49 | |||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | yes | 71-73 | 1 | |||
| Yindjilindji | no | 0 | ||||
| Yine | yes | distant, not seen | Matteson 1965 | |||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | maybe | 75 | 1 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no info | Demonstratives are not discussed among other part of speech. | Shauer & Shauer, 2000 | |||
| Yulparija | No | 31 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | Maybe | 89 | 1 |
| Language |
|---|
Showing 1 to 193 of 193 entries