| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no info |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
Demonstratives carry other affixes, but these are dependent on they noun they modify. |
Allin, 1976: 199 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 23 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 186 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no info |
Demonstratives are not discussed among other part of speech. |
Shauer & Shauer, 2000 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
Visbility: The farthest degree of distance distinguishes between items that are visible and those that are not visible. |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 49 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006:188 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 798 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
There is also an "emphatic" demonstrative, used to indicate "this very one." |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 206 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
The demonstratives also inflect for gender. |
Facundes, 2000: 355-357 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
gender |
Mihas 2010:174 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no info |
|
Zamponi 2003:22 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:53 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
"In the singular all demonstratives are distinguished for gender, just like personal pronouns." |
Danielsen 2007: p311 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 304-305 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no |
|
Rowan 1978:xiii |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
|
Green and Green 1972:63 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
yes |
distant, not seen |
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989:55 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:126 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 283 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
time, location |
Carson 1982:113 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
Visibility vs non-visibility is a contrast only for the distal demonstrative "that" |
Tosantos 1977:20; Payne 2012:88-89 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999: 62 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
yes |
non-visible (far, farthest) |
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
Pronouns are distinguished between deictic and anaphoric |
Frank 1985:35 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
There is a two-way contrast for "not perceptible things". This seems to be a visibility contrast |
Quesada 2008:75 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
relative position system--> interiority, exteriority, verticality, horizontality, proximity |
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:157-9 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Aguirre 1999:78-9 |
|
Chamí |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1974:13 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:258-262 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p, 92 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
Rojas:197-8 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:36 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
Animacy and "caducy" (not longer having that property (?) ) are distinguished in demonstratives |
Montes 2004:164 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:216 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
|
Landaburu 1979: 135 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
distance contrast also includes visibility |
Giron 2008: p175 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 205 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
|
Goncalves 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
The third distance contrast indicates that the referent is out of view but remains audible. |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.94 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
other' |
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
for inanimate demonstrative pronouns- thing vs location |
Miller 1999, p. 31 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 83 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 184 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.35 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.32 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.32-33 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.51 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1987:134, 136 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
visibility, time (if thing in question was in past) |
West and Welch 2004: 98-99 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
visibility |
Ramirez 1994: 210 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.56-57 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990: p.151 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
yes |
There are two context-related demonstratives: é- "this/that (reference to inmediate context) and i- "it" (reference to wider context which may be non-linguistic) |
Van der Meer (?):13 |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
yes |
Visibility and physical contact are distinguished in demonstratives |
Everett 2006:313-15 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011:146 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
visibility and distance from the speaker and the from the hearer are other factors in guarani demonstratives |
Ayala 1996:29-31 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010:214 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
56 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
yes |
|
fpro15 |
|
|
1 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
n34 |
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
maybe |
|
75 |
|
|
1 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
71-73 |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
7 |
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
88 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
yes |
|
H 39 |
|
|
1 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
32 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
357 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
193 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
72-73 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
135 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
11 |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
53-54 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
112 |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
Maybe |
|
305 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
255 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
395 |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
9 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
34 |
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
61, 75 |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
72 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
324 |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Maybe |
|
89 |
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
yes |
|
46-48 |
|
|
1 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
56 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
38 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
24 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
31 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
144 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
92 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
35 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
30-34 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no info |
|
50 |
|
|
x |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
yes |
|
92 |
|
|
1 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
17 |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
305 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
49 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
yes |
|
FO 137 |
|
|
1 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
yes |
|
70 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
25 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
90 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
Yes |
|
50, 60 |
|
|
1 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
252 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
G 104 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
50 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
44 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
879 |
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
40 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
2 |
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
4.2 |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No info |
|
67 |
|
|
x |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
81 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
173 |
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
