Alignment of verbal person-marking: hierarchical
- Category
- Simple Clauses - Alignment
- Notes
- Marking of A and P depends on their relative ranking on a hierarchy (usually 1>2>3 or 2>1>3)
| Language |
Feature Status |
Grammatical Notes |
Source |
Etymology Notes |
General Notes |
Phylogenetic Code |
| Cahuilla |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
|
Allin, 1976: 285-290 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 27 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 157-159 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 59-62 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos, 2006: 160 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 122 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
|
Facundes, 2000: 481-482 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no info |
|
Payne 1981; Payne 1982; Payne 1983 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:21-23 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:78-9 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
|
Danielsen 2007:174-178 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 343 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:58-73 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
|
Hall 1988:152 |
|
Discussions of ergativity in Hall 1988: 123-128; Hall 1984 (Split-ergativity in pronominal agreement systems) is inconclusive |
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Abbott 1991: 83 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
|
Payne 1993 :123 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999:16-25, 112-8, 276-7 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1985:9-10, 60-104 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:99-146 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
Queixalós 2000 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993:91-101 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:328-31, 361-5 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:21 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1978:13, Levinson 1974:27 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:854 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
yes |
|
Salas 1992, p.125; Zúñiga 2006, p. 114-9 |
|
this marking happens as verbal suffixes with respect to whcih argument is the "focus" fo the sentence rather than being driven by A or P relations. The ranking is as follows: 1>2>3 (definite)>3 (indefinite) |
|
| Páez |
no |
|
Jung:74-5 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Soto 1976:93-7 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
|
Faco Soares 1993:93; Montes 2004:129-45; Montes 2004:165-166 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:433 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no |
uncertain |
Landaburu 1979: 156 |
|
depends on status of pn as verbal? |
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p229 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 126 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.78-80 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 123 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 110 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 217 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.43- |
|
(no info/not expected) |
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.89 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.65-72 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1987:124-133 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
Ramirez 1997: 108 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1994: 112-114 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no info |
|
Goodwin-Gomez |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Surui |
no |
|
Van der Meer (?):2 |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:300 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no info |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Zarratea 2002 :83-5 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
28, 76, ms11 |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
83 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no |
|
91 |
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
74-76 |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 41 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
27 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
N/A |
|
352 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
n/a |
|
136-152 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
N/A |
|
301 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
148 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
399 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
27 |
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no? |
|
68-9 |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
139 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
32 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
81 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
n/a |
|
169 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
43 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
N/A |
|
21 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
304 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
n/a |
|
K85c 82-3 |
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
186 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
N/A |
|
3 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
82 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 22 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
44 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
13 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
65 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
73 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
N/A |
|
19 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
77 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:361 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
