| Cahuilla |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn, 1992: 107-109 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
|
Allin, 1976:136, 342 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 30 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 161 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Schuaer & Shauer, 2000: p. 522, Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 42-43 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 65 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos, 2006: 116 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 801 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 289, 320 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
|
Facundes, 2000: 513 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1983:12 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:39-40 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:87-90 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
|
Danielsen 2007: p253-267 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 249 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no |
Only for aspect |
Brandão 2010:40-7 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Green and Green 1972:79 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965:72-73 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989:51-52, 127 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005: 61-62 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 330 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Abbott 1991: 113 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
Payne 2012:192,204-205,212-220 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999; 110 to 136 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1990:56-58 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no |
However, there are is tense suffix which has high tone but tone by itself does not mark tense |
Margery 1985:106-17 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:100-8 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:17; Queixalós - 2000 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:331-57 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:71-82 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no |
|
Peeke 1973:39 |
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1978:14-5, Levinson 1974:48 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:397-43 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
|
Jung:62 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:49-52 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
more likely not |
|
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:459-492 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no |
|
Loewen 1954:53, Sánchez and Castro 1977:80-2 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no |
|
Landaburu 1979: p.123-124, 208-209 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p277-279 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no |
no tones |
Goncalves 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.24 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
remote is distinguished from present in the visual evidential by the position of stress |
Miller 1999, p. 69 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p.17 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.48-55 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.53-63 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.82-92 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.38 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1987:170 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
West and Welch 2004: 10-11; Ramirez 1997: 151 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994: 240 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.93-98 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990: 169 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:265-79 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
according to author, no TAM markers in Nheengatu (footnote pg. 36) |
Cruz 2011:36 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Ayala 1996:317-9 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no |
|
Rossler 2008:89 |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010:473 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no |
|
n40 |
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
83 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
97-104 |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
126 |
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
36 |
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
111 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 41-3 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
33 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no |
|
r12-15 |
|
|
0 |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
363 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
198 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
201 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
n/a |
|
d42 |
|
|
0 |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
91 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
183 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
15 |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
155 |
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
314 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
353 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
405 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
45b |
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
77 |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
80 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
291 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
147-9 |
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
61 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
167 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
40 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
34 |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
No |
|
3 |
|
|
0 |
| Arabana |
no |
|
130 |
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
35 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
77 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
97 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
69 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
42-3 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
75 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
130-135 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
42 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
105 |
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
24 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
314 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
108 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
K85c 93 |
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
94 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
32 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
169 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
29 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
165 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 8 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
65 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
52 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
910 |
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
6.1.1 |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
73 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
39 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
96 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
260-1 |
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
