Grammaticalized inferential
- Category
- Verbal Categories - Evidentiality
- Notes
- Indicates information has not been experienced firsthand, but inferred from some kind of evidence - indicate only if an overt marker.
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | n/a | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 91 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 70 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:471, 549 | ||||
| Alyawarr | no | 0 | ||||
| Andoke | no info | |||||
| Apurinã | no | Not discussed among verbal morphology or "bound formatives" (clitics). | Facundes, 2000: 305-327, 379-410 | |||
| Arabana | no | 0 | ||||
| Arrernte | No | 49 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Payne 1981; Payne 1982; Payne 1983 | ||||
| Añun | no info | no discussion of evidentiality | Patte 1989 | |||
| Bandjalang | No | 0 | ||||
| Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | yes | The inferred past tense is used to mark a past event which the speaker infers on the basis of current evidence. Direct evidence | Jones & Jones 1991, p.87 | |||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | n/a | Aikhenvald, 1995 | ||||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | no info | Danielsen 2007 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
| Bilinarra | no | 0 | ||||
| Biri | no info | x | ||||
| Bora | no | Seifart - 2005 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 0 | ||||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | yes | Levin 2004: 7 | The evidentials in Aymara indicate whether or not the speaker has personally experienced the event in question and how distant the knowledge of the event feels (usually in terms of time) | |||
| Chemehuevi | no | |||||
| Comanche | ||||||
| Cubeo | yes | assumed | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 33 | |||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | yes | |||||
| Darkinyung | no | 0 | ||||
| Desano | yes | The inferred evidential is composed of a verb phrase with the verb árĩ- 'be' acting as an auxiliary suffixed by the recent or remote past marker and verb agreement. | Miller 1999, p. 67 | Some Desano speakers feel that the assumed would be used if the event had just happened and the inferred used when referring to it later. | ||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no info | x | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no | 0 | ||||
| Djinang | No | 167 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 0 | ||||
| Dyirbal | No | 0 | ||||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | yes | The marking of evidential is fused with the TAM verbal morphology. This inferential/direct evidential distinction only occurs in the past tense. | Mattei-Muller 2002:154 | |||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
| Githabul | No | 22 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | no info | |||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no info | x | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 0 | ||||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | No | 326 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 80 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 0 | ||||
| Hup | yes | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | no | Frank 1985:60-104 | ||||
| Ingá | yes | Levinson 1978:25 | ||||
| Jaru | no | 0 | ||||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | yes | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Karajarri | No | 165 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no | Everett 2006:281-4 | ||||
| Katthang | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaurna | No | 0 | ||||
| Kawaiisu | ||||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010 | ||||
| Kokatha | No | 28 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | yes | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.86 | ||||
| Kotiria | yes | Stenzel 2004, p. 345 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 0 | ||||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 0 | ||||
| Kunjen | No | 0 | ||||
| Kurrama | no info | x | ||||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 66 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | ||||||
| Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:15-18 | No description of evidentials given in source | |||
| Makuna | yes | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.50 | ||||
| Makushi | no | Use of various verbs convey this. | Carson 1982; Abbott 1991 | |||
| Mapudungun | no | Zúñiga 2006, p. 155-9 | ||||
| Marrgany | No | 0 | ||||
| Martuthunira | no | 136-164 | 0 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 96 | 0 | |||
| Matses | yes | Fleck:405-17 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 0 | ||||
| Minica Witoto | no | not indicated/expected | Minor and Minor 1982. p.94 | |||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no | 0 | ||||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | yes | Second-position clitic. | Michael, 2008. p. 325 | |||
| Narungga | No | 74 | 0 | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 30 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 0 | ||||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No | 0 | ||||
| Ngiyambaa | no | 275-277 | 0 | |||
| Nhanta | no info | x | ||||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011 | ||||
| Ninam | no | Goodwin-Gomez, p.97 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | yes | Mortensen 1999:87 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no info | X | ||||
| Palikur | no info | no information on evidentials | Launey 2003 | |||
| Panyjima | no | 208 | 0 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no info | |||||
| Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
| Pemon | no info | de Armellada 1999 | ||||
| Piapoco | yes | Indicates that the speaker has knowledge of the event by way of evidence left during the event. | Galindo, 2002: 177-178 | |||
| Pintupi | no info | x | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | Y 8 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 0 | ||||
| Puinave | yes | Giron 2008: p286-287 | ||||
| Páez | no | Jung:75-87 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | yes | Parker 1965:88-97 | ||||
| Resígaro | no | Not discussed in the formulation of the verb at various levels. | Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212 | |||
| Ritharrngu | No | 71 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no | Borgman 1990: 165, 170 | ||||
| Serrano | ||||||
| Shoshone | ||||||
| Sikuani | no | no evidence of evidentials | Queixalós 1998, 2000 | |||
| Siona | no info | Conveyed with word choice/semantics. | Wheeler 1987 | |||
| Southern Paiute | ||||||
| Southern Ute | ||||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | yes | The evidential affix -rihi (assumed) indicates that the basis for the speaker's statement is assumption. | Strom 1992, p.90 | |||
| Tariana | yes | There are both generic inferred and specific inferred morphemes. | Aikhenvald, 2003: 289 | |||
| Thanggati | no | 0 | ||||
| Tharrkari | No | 31 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no info | |||||
| Timbisha | ||||||
| Tukano | yes | Ramirez 1997: 120, 150 | ||||
| Uradhi | No | 363 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no | Olawsky:496 | ||||
| Wajarri | No | 96 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | yes | Peeke 1973:16-17 | ||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos 2006 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no info | 0 | ||||
| Warluwarra | no | 0 | ||||
| Warnman | No | 45 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 52-9 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no info | x | ||||
| Warumungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Warungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Wathawurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | no | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800 | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | no info | x | ||||
| Western Mono | ||||||
| WesternTorres | no | 0 | ||||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | No | 0 | ||||
| Woiwurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Worrorra | yes | ms15 | 1 | |||
| Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no | 0 | ||||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no info | x | ||||
| Yanesha' | no | Duff-Tripp 1997:120-4 | ||||
| Yanomami | yes | Ramirez 1994 | ||||
| Yanyuwa | no info | x | ||||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 63-69 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjilindji | no info | x | ||||
| Yine | no | list of affixes does not mention evidentials | Matteson 1965:71-80 | |||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no info | x | ||||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no | Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42 | ||||
| Yulparija | No | 35 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 74 | 0 |
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