Epistemic possibility: other marking
- Category
- Verbal Categories - Mood
- Notes
| Language |
Feature Status |
Grammatical Notes |
Source |
Etymology Notes |
General Notes |
Phylogenetic Code |
| Cahuilla |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 102 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no info |
No indication of such an affix in the discussion of verb stems or verb words. |
|
|
|
|
| Bare |
no info |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no info |
|
Galindo, 2002: 308-310 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no info |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 1978; Shauer & Shauer, 2000 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
Several particles can indicate doubt or 'maybe.' |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 68 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
Occurs as its own word, meaning "maybe." |
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no info |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no info |
|
Facundes, 2000 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1981; Payne 1983 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:41 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no info |
|
Duff-Tripp |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no info |
|
Danielsen 2007 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no info |
|
Michael, 2008 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
|
Matteson 1965:70-81 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
no discussion of mood |
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no info |
|
Seifart - 2005 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 336 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no info |
|
Abbott 1991: 117-122 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
Payne 2012 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999: 201, 202 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:18; Queixalós - 2000:348-349 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Matses |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
|
Parker 1965:95 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:459-92 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 138 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.53 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
independent morphemes following the verb. Martins 2005:481. The author calls it experimentativo |
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 81 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p.26-30 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.64 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.55-65 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.97-98 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.82 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1987:173-174 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
above all expresses uncertainty |
West and Welch 2004: 25: Ramirez 1997: 159 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
yes |
postposition |
Goodwin-Gomez, p.98 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
yes |
|
Borgman 1990: 172, 195-197 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
yes |
Free particle |
bontkes and Dooley 1984:5 |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011:349 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:101 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010:500 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warrwa |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
yes |
|
87 |
|
|
1 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yidiny |
not done yet |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
121, 125 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
yes |
|
H 46 |
|
|
1 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
34 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No info |
|
364, 381-7 |
|
|
x |
| Paakantyi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Pitta-Pitta |
yes |
|
220 |
|
|
1 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
256 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
59 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
317 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
390 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
435 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
19 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Jaru |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
93 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
335 |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
yes |
|
155 |
|
|
1 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
46 |
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
yes |
|
123 |
|
|
1 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
103, 111-112 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
193 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
172-173 |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bularnu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Biri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Alyawarr |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wathawurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
77 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
67 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Panyjima |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngarinyeri |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kurrama |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
24 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
327 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
yes |
|
105 |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
Sharpe 78 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
119 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
174 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
38 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
186 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 287 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
111 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
Yes |
|
82 |
|
|
1 |
| Warluwarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warnman |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Djapu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bilinarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
Yes |
|
72 |
|
|
1 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
74 |
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
43 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
99 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no info |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
adverbials, esp. noada 'deductive' |
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
