| Cahuilla |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
yes |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 121 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
Polar questions use an interrogative particle. |
Allin, 1976: 345-346 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 46 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
|
Galindo, 2002: 271 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer and Shauer, 1978: 18 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 64 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
In the text in Mansen and Mansen (1979), polar questions follow the normal Guajiro VSO order. |
Mansen & Mansen (1979). |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 502 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
|
Facundes, 2000: 536 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1982:20 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:52 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:183-4 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
yes |
|
Souza 2008:130 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
"Polar questions can only be distinguished from declarative clauses by the rising intonation at the end of the clause." |
Danielsen 2007: p370 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
yes |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 389-390 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no |
|
Brandão 2010:13 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Green and Green 1972:19 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
negative particle |
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
yes |
|
Patte 1989:103 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:69 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
rising intonation for polar questions is optional |
Hall 1988: 344 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
Polar questions do not have any overt marking other than the intonation. The word order remains the same for declarative clauses. |
Abbott 1991: 46 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
Payne 2012:371-388 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999: 143 to 149 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
yes |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1990:6 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no |
|
Bourland 1976:86 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
Williams 1993:118-9 |
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
Intonation is an indication, just not the only one. |
Buenaventura - 1993:45 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:476-8 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
Intonation is used along the polar interrogative suffix |
Mortensen 1999:13 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no |
|
Orr et all. 1991:21 |
|
But intonation does distinguish most of these sentences |
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1972:260-1 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
|
Fleck:983 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
Apart from intonation, there may be some question marking |
Zúñiga 2006, p. 253-61 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
yes |
|
Jung:183-4 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
However, intonation can be used along with the quesiton clitic but intonation is not required |
Parker 1965:92-94 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
|
Montes 2004b:154 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
A rise on the intonation can be perceived |
Olawsky:831 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
|
Sánchez and Castro 1977:65 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no |
|
Landaburu 1979: 149 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p391-392 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 296 |
|
These kinds of yes/no questions express the same thing as what the phrase "I wonder" does in English. They're called confirmative interrogatives by my source. |
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.69 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
|
Weir 1984:108 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 8 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 20 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 381 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.61 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.56 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.124 |
|
The first person imperatives may function as questions when they occur with rising intonation. |
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.141 |
|
Typically the intonation of a question rises slightly at the end. |
|
| Siona |
no |
However, polar questions always have lower tone along with the interrogative particle. |
Wheeler - 1987:160 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
intonation is used, but in addition to -ti marking |
Ramirez 1997: 143 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1994: 219 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.62 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
intonation is identical to declarative intonation. Only difference is the lack of the sentence-final glottal stop found in declaratives |
Borgman 1990: 66 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:322:3 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Ayala 1996:37-8 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010:537 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Garrwa |
yes |
|
78-80 |
|
|
1 |
| Gooniyandi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
maybe |
|
78, 106 |
|
|
1 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
163 |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
23 |
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
67 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no info |
|
57 |
|
|
x |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
150 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 54 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
56 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
yes |
|
46 |
|
|
1 |
| Uradhi |
No info |
|
381-5 |
|
|
x |
| Paakantyi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Pintupi |
yes |
|
196-197 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
135 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
259 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
209 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
yes |
|
70 |
|
|
1 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
236 |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
339 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
482 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
195 |
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
436 |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
105 |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
yes |
|
111, 143 |
|
|
1 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
332 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
yes |
|
152 |
|
|
1 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
59 |
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
122 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
yes |
|
108 |
|
|
1 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
159 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
151 |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
maybe |
|
59 |
|
|
1 |
| Darkinyung |
maybe |
|
53 |
|
|
1 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
95 |
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
yes |
|
56 |
|
|
1 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
yes |
|
46 |
|
|
1 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
127 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
Yes |
|
44 |
|
|
1 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
84 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
99 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
yes |
|
71-3 |
|
|
1 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
100 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
203 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
yes |
|
215 |
|
|
1 |
| Yingkarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
339 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
58 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
FO 128 |
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
108 |
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
no |
|
504 |
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
yes |
|
133 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
22 |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
301 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
Yes |
|
67 |
|
|
1 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
278 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
Y 10 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
56 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
Yes |
|
83 |
|
|
1 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
871 |
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
54 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
140-1 |
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
yes |
|
6.1.2.9 |
|
|
1 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
Yes |
|
168 |
|
|
1 |
| Narungga |
Yes |
|
92 |
|
|
1 |
| Tharrkari |
Yes |
|
5 |
|
|
1 |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
137 |
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
yes |
|
2 |
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
