| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
No indication that nominals can be compounded productively at any level. |
Allin, 1976: 98-99, 109-115, 150-176, 223-235 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
There is no information saying that the compounding process is productive, formed on possessive NPs |
Aikhenvald, 1995: 21 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
Noun-noun compounds, but also noun-verb, and noun-adjective compounds. These usually refer to natural beings such as plants and animals. |
Galindo, 2002: 139 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
There are compounds, but these are rare. |
Shauer, 1978: 49 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
Mosonyi notes that there are compounds, but it is not very productive and the process of productive compounding is in the beginning stages of development. |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 45-46 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
|
Santos 2006:108 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
There does seem to be compounding, but not clear how productive it is. |
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 798 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
Nominal compounds are not productive |
Aikhenvald 2003: 201 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
There are both productive and non-productive compounding processes, classificatory nouns (CN2s) are productive elements. |
Facundes, 2000: 187, 208 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1981; Payne 1983 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
|
Zamponi 2003:29 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:38 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no |
|
Souza 2008:82 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
|
Danielsen 2007: p96-98 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 293 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no info |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
However, there is a very intricate classification system that acts like compounding. |
Seifart - 2005 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no info |
no mention of N compounding |
Hall 1988 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
|
Carson 1982: 60 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
no mention of compounding |
Payne 2012 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guna |
yes |
e.g. ur-dup, gas-dup, mor-dup |
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
yes |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quevedo 2008:49-98 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
|
Queixalós 1998:125-129 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
yes |
|
Buenaventura - 1993:51 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007: 131 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
yes |
|
Mortensen 1999:33-4 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no info |
more likely not |
Levinson 1974, 1976, 1976b |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
|
Montes 2004b:45-54, 121-152 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
|
Olawsky:426 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no |
Free NN compounds are somewhat idiomatic and unpredictable in meaning. Landaburu calls some similar constructions involving one free N and one bound N (a classifier, essentially?), but not free N + free N compounds |
Landaburu 1979: 143-147; 176-177 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
|
Giron 2008: p180-181 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001:201 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.32,55 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no info |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
|
Martins 2004:146 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 35-56 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
|
Chacón 2012:192-194 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 147 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no info |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.33-36 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.18 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
Compound nouns are rare. In the few that occur, the first noun attributes characteristics or properties and the second provides the reference. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.61 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
|
Strom 1992, p.24 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
However, there is a similar process that happens as a result of the intricate noun classification system. |
Wheeler - 1987:101-110 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
NN compounding common and productive, but it's not clear if some compounds are free N + free N or free N + bound N/Classifier |
Ramirez 1997 |
|
from various sections |
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1994: p.330 |
|
somewhat unclear if it's compounding or serialization |
|
| Ninam |
yes |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.111 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no info |
more likely not |
|
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
yes |
|
Cruz 2011:255-257 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
|
Ayala 1996:79-80 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
|
Vallejos 2010:155 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wambaya |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bunuba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Walmajarri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyulnyul |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
6.3 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
s38, n37 |
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
maybe |
|
98 |
|
|
1 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
49-51 |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
check |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
109 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Woiwurrung |
maybe |
|
80 |
|
|
1 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
60-61 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
26-7 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
yes |
|
r30 |
|
|
1 |
| Uradhi |
Yes |
|
351 |
|
|
1 |
| Paakantyi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Pitta-Pitta |
yes |
|
211 |
|
|
1 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
yes |
|
d44 |
|
|
1 |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
71 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
no info |
|
cf 86 |
|
|
x |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
Maybe |
|
35 |
|
|
1 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
193 |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
312 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
204 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
24, 63 |
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
444 |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
yes |
|
6 |
|
|
1 |
| Kalkatungu |
yes? |
|
94 |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
yes |
|
235 |
|
|
1 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
yes |
|
171 |
|
|
1 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
140 |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
yes |
|
100 |
|
|
1 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No info |
|
40-6 |
|
|
x |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
317 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
36-43 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
128 |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
94-95 |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bularnu |
yes |
|
18 |
|
|
1 |
| Biri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
yes |
|
73 |
|
|
1 |
| Batyala |
Yes |
|
4 |
|
|
1 |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
100 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
119-20 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
26 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
maybe |
|
84 |
|
|
1 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
yes |
|
60, 138 |
|
|
1 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
84 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Panyjima |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngarinyeri |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kurrama |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yingkarta |
no? |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gunya |
No |
|
312 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
10.1.2 |
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
yes |
|
35 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
71 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
118 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
107 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
G 97 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
85 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
62 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
yes |
|
823 |
|
|
1 |
| Warnman |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
48 |
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
Yes |
|
48 |
|
|
1 |
| Narungga |
Yes |
|
81 |
|
|
1 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
20-24 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
69 |
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
yes |
|
241-5 |
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:445 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no info |
lots of classifiers and 'dependent nouns', but productivity of N-N compounding unclear |
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
