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Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
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Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 | ||||
Aché | no info | |||||
Adnyamathanha | ||||||
Aghu-Tharnggala | Yes | 48 | 1 | |||
Aguaruna | yes | Overall 2007: 131 | ||||
Alyawarr | yes | 119-20 | 1 | |||
Andoke | no | Free NN compounds are somewhat idiomatic and unpredictable in meaning. Landaburu calls some similar constructions involving one free N and one bound N (a classifier, essentially?), but not free N + free N compounds | Landaburu 1979: 143-147; 176-177 | |||
Apurinã | yes | There are both productive and non-productive compounding processes, classificatory nouns (CN2s) are productive elements. | Facundes, 2000: 187, 208 | |||
Arabana | yes | 100 | 1 | |||
Arrernte | Yes | 118 | 1 | |||
Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Payne 1981; Payne 1983 | ||||
Añun | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
Bandjalang | yes | 35 | 1 | |||
Baniwa | no info | lots of classifiers and 'dependent nouns', but productivity of N-N compounding unclear | Ramirez 2001 | |||
Barasano | yes | Compound nouns are rare. In the few that occur, the first noun attributes characteristics or properties and the second provides the reference. | Jones & Jones 1991, p.61 | |||
Bardi | yes | 1 | ||||
Bare | yes | There is no information saying that the compounding process is productive, formed on possessive NPs | Aikhenvald, 1995: 21 | |||
Batyala | Yes | 4 | 1 | |||
Baure | yes | Danielsen 2007: p96-98 | ||||
Bidjara-Gungabula | yes | 73 | 1 | |||
Bilinarra | no info | x | ||||
Biri | no info | x | ||||
Bora | no | However, there is a very intricate classification system that acts like compounding. | Seifart - 2005 | |||
Bularnu | yes | 18 | 1 | |||
Bunuba | no info | x | ||||
Cabecar | no info | |||||
Cahuilla | ||||||
Central Aymara | yes | Huayhua Pari 2001:201 | ||||
Chemehuevi | ||||||
Comanche | ||||||
Cubeo | yes | Chacón 2012:192-194 | ||||
Cupeño | ||||||
Damana | yes | |||||
Darkinyung | no info | x | ||||
Desano | no | Miller 1999, p. 35-56 | ||||
Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
Dharuk | ||||||
Diyari | yes | 94-95 | 1 | |||
Djabugay | ||||||
Djapu | yes | 48 | 1 | |||
Djinang | Yes | 128 | 1 | |||
Duungidjawu | no | 36-43 | 0 | |||
Dyirbal | No | 317 | 0 | |||
Dâw | yes | Martins 2004:146 | ||||
Eñepa | no | no mention of compounding | Payne 2012 | |||
Gabrielino | ||||||
Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
Githabul | No info | x | ||||
Gooniyandi | no info | x | ||||
Guaymí | no | Quevedo 2008:49-98 | ||||
Gugu-Badhun | yes | 100 | 1 | |||
Gumbaynggirr | yes | 140 | 1 | |||
Guna | yes | e.g. ur-dup, gas-dup, mor-dup | Smith texts | |||
Gunya | No | 312 | 0 | |||
Gupapuyngu | ||||||
Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
Guugu-Yimidhirr | yes | 171 | 1 | |||
Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no info | x | ||||
Hup | yes | Epps 2008 | ||||
Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
Ika | no info | |||||
Ingá | no info | more likely not | Levinson 1974, 1976, 1976b | |||
Jaru | yes | 235 | 1 | |||
Jingulu | no info | x | ||||
Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011 | ||||
Kakua | no | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
Kalkatungu | yes? | 94 | 1 | |||
Karajarri | Yes | 107 | 1 | |||
Karitiana | no info | more likely not | ||||
Katthang | no info | x | ||||
Kaurna | yes | 6 | 1 | |||
Kawaiisu | ||||||
Kinikinau | no | Souza 2008:82 | ||||
Kitanemuk | ||||||
Kogi | no info | |||||
Kokama | yes | Vallejos 2010:155 | ||||
Kokatha | no info | x | ||||
Koreguaje | yes | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.18 | ||||
Kotiria | yes | Stenzel 2004, p. 147 | ||||
Kugu-Nganhcara | yes | 444 | 1 | |||
Kuku Yalanji | yes | 24, 63 | 1 | |||
Kunjen | No | 74 | 0 | |||
Kurrama | no info | x | ||||
Kuuk Thaayorre | Yes | 204 | 1 | |||
Luiseño | ||||||
Macaguan | yes | Buenaventura - 1993:51 | ||||
Maipure | yes | Zamponi 2003:29 | ||||
Makiritare | no info | no mention of N compounding | Hall 1988 | |||
Makuna | no info | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.33-36 | ||||
Makushi | yes | Carson 1982: 60 | ||||
Mapudungun | no info | |||||
Marrgany | No | 312 | 0 | |||
Martuthunira | yes | 193 | 1 | |||
Mathi-Mathi | yes | 60, 138 | 1 | |||
Matses | no info | |||||
Mayi-Yapi | Maybe | 35 | 1 | |||
Minica Witoto | yes | Minor and Minor 1982. p.32,55 | ||||
Mpakwithi | ||||||
Muruwari | no info | cf 86 | x | |||
Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no info | Weir 1984 | ||||
Nanti | no | Michael, 2008. p. 293 | ||||
Narungga | Yes | 81 | 1 | |||
Naso | yes | Quesada 2000 | ||||
Ngaatjatjara | No | 71 | 0 | |||
Ngarinyeri | No info | x | ||||
Ngarinyin | ||||||
Ngayawang | No info | x | ||||
Ngiyambaa | no info | x | ||||
Nhanta | no | 71 | 0 | |||
Nheengatu | yes | Cruz 2011:255-257 | ||||
Ninam | yes | Goodwin-Gomez, p.111 | ||||
Northern Emberá | yes | Mortensen 1999:33-4 | Catío | |||
Northern Paiute | ||||||
Nyangumarta | yes | 1 | ||||
Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
Nyulnyul | no info | x | ||||
Nyungar | yes | d44 | 1 | |||
Paakantyi | no info | X | ||||
Palikur | no info | Launey 2003 | ||||
Panyjima | no info | x | ||||
Paraguayan Guaraní | yes | Ayala 1996:79-80 | ||||
Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
Pemon | no info | |||||
Piapoco | yes | Noun-noun compounds, but also noun-verb, and noun-adjective compounds. These usually refer to natural beings such as plants and animals. | Galindo, 2002: 139 | |||
Pintupi | no info | x | ||||
Pitjantjatjara | Yes | G 97 | 1 | |||
Pitta-Pitta | yes | 211 | 1 | |||
Puinave | yes | Giron 2008: p180-181 | ||||
Páez | no info | |||||
Quechua Ayacuchano | no info | |||||
Resígaro | no | No indication that nominals can be compounded productively at any level. | Allin, 1976: 98-99, 109-115, 150-176, 223-235 | |||
Ritharrngu | Yes | 85 | 1 | |||
Sanumá | no info | |||||
Serrano | ||||||
Shoshone | ||||||
Sikuani | yes | Queixalós 1998:125-129 | ||||
Siona | no | However, there is a similar process that happens as a result of the intricate noun classification system. | Wheeler - 1987:101-110 | |||
Southern Paiute | ||||||
Southern Ute | ||||||
Surui | no info | |||||
Tanimuca | yes | Strom 1992, p.24 | ||||
Tariana | no | Nominal compounds are not productive | Aikhenvald 2003: 201 | |||
Thanggati | no | 84 | 0 | |||
Tharrkari | No | 20-24 | 0 | |||
Tikuna | no | Montes 2004b:45-54, 121-152 | ||||
Timbisha | ||||||
Tukano | yes | NN compounding common and productive, but it's not clear if some compounds are free N + free N or free N + bound N/Classifier | Ramirez 1997 | from various sections | ||
Uradhi | Yes | 351 | 1 | |||
Urarina | yes | Olawsky:426 | ||||
Wajarri | Yes | 69 | 1 | |||
Wakaya | no | 10.1.2 | 0 | |||
Walmajarri | no info | x | ||||
Wambaya | no info | x | ||||
Wangkumara | yes | r30 | 1 | |||
Waorani | no info | |||||
Wapishana | yes | Santos 2006:108 | ||||
Warlpiri | yes | s38, n37 | 1 | |||
Warluwarra | yes | 823 | 1 | |||
Warnman | no info | x | ||||
Warrgamay | No | 62 | 0 | |||
Warrwa | no info | x | ||||
Warumungu | yes | 26-7 | 1 | |||
Warungu | yes | 241-5 | 1 | |||
Wathawurrung | maybe | 84 | 1 | |||
Waunana | no info | |||||
Wayuu | yes | There does seem to be compounding, but not clear how productive it is. | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 798 | |||
Wemba-Wemba | no info | x | ||||
Western Mono | ||||||
WesternTorres | no info | x | ||||
Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
Wirangu | No | 60-61 | 0 | |||
Woiwurrung | maybe | 80 | 1 | |||
Worrorra | yes | 6.3 | 1 | |||
Yagua | yes | Payne and Payne 1990:445 | ||||
Yalarnnga | no info | x | ||||
Yan-nhangu | ||||||
Yandruwandha | yes | 109 | 1 | |||
Yanesha' | yes | Duff-Tripp 1997:38 | ||||
Yanomami | yes | Ramirez 1994: p.330 | somewhat unclear if it's compounding or serialization | |||
Yanyuwa | no info | x | ||||
Yavitero | no | Mosonyi notes that there are compounds, but it is not very productive and the process of productive compounding is in the beginning stages of development. | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 45-46 | |||
Yawuru | ||||||
Yidiny | check | 0 | ||||
Yindjibarndi | yes | 49-51 | 1 | |||
Yindjilindji | no info | x | ||||
Yine | no info | Matteson 1965 | ||||
Yingkarta | no? | 0 | ||||
Yir Yoront | ||||||
Yorta Yorta | maybe | 98 | 1 | |||
Yugambeh | ||||||
Yukuna | no | There are compounds, but these are rare. | Shauer, 1978: 49 | |||
Yulparija | No | 26 | 0 | |||
Yuwaalaraay | No info | 40-6 | x |
Language |
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