| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
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|
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|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
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|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
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|
| Shoshone |
|
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|
|
| Comanche |
|
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|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
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|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
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|
|
| Achagua |
yes? |
The suffix -kuaa can derive an object, although there is no indication that it is confined to this use |
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 51 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
yes |
Allin calls this "concrete nominalization." The preceding vowel is lengthened and given a high tone. |
Allin, 1976: 109-110 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 21 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
|
Galindo, 2002: 133 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
Shauer (1978) notes that this is a nominalizer. He doesn't note its specific function, but it does create an obligatorily possessed noun. The example is "his heat." |
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 48 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
as in tésiasi 'vomit' from tésia 'vomitar' |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 47 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
yes |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no info |
No mention of nominalizing morphology in the morphological template for nouns. |
Mansen & Captain 2000: p. 797 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 200 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
This suffix is used as either an instrumental or object nominalizer "thing to V with" or "thing to V". Facundes notes that both nominalizers are not completely productive. |
Facundes, 2000: 240-241 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
Turns it into a noun, which can then be either subject or object. |
Payne 1981:111 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
|
Zamponi 2003:27-28 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
The orthographic form is -aret̴/-et̴ |
Duff-Tripp 1997:40 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
suffix -no (this suffix also marks the verb of a relative clause) |
Danielsen 2007: p190 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 303-304 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
|
Green and Green 1972:50 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
In some instances, the nominalization is achieved through tone change. |
Seifart - 2005:58-63 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no info |
|
Hall 1988 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
|
Abbott 1991: 96 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
|
Payne 2012:107 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:49-53 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
For all productive nominalizing, the morphemes used are verb roots or verbs or nouns--unsure if this is true nominalizing |
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
ex: xáne (to eat), pexáejawa (food, "n" dropped) |
de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:93 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:433 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
yes |
|
Levinson 1978:6 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
|
Fleck:295 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no info |
|
Zúñiga 2006, p. 87 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
|
Parker 1965:29 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
|
Olawsky:404-5 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
yes |
suffix - kə̃́ derives various types and classes of nouns, -sé derives instruments; -a derives agents and objs. |
Landaburu 1979: 141-143, 153 |
possibly comes from verb 'to be' |
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
|
Giron 2008: p245-6 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no info |
|
|
|
I'm fairly sure that objects derived from verbs also use the suffix ta, that is there is no distinction between subject and object as far as verb nominalizing suffixes go. |
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.98-100 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
generic nominalizer doo |
Weir 1984:63 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
For patient and instrument nominalizations, the nominalizing suffix precedes the appropriate classifiers. |
Miller 1999, p. 143 |
|
For nominalized verbs in the present, -ri precedes the classifier. For past nominalizations some classifiers take -di and some take -ra. |
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 90 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 104 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.35 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.27-28, 47 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.21 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
Retuarã allows a variety of object complements, that is, clauses embedded as the object of the verb. |
Strom 1992, p.158 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
yes |
The suffix "-ye" is for abstract objects. Concrete, inanimate objects can be formed be adding the appropriate nominal classifier to the verb. |
Wheeler - 1987:114 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
suffix -se derives N from V |
West and Welch 2004: 69; Ramirez 1997: 114 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994: 363-378 |
|
no evidence for this |
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.116-117 |
|
"nominalization" but none of these kinds |
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990: 142-144 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
yes |
However, this nominalizer may also derive locative, instruments, etc. |
Everett 2006:296-300 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no info |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
|
Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:115 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
yes |
|
Vallejos 2010:234 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bunuba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Walmajarri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyulnyul |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Worrorra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
n25 |
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
maybe |
|
98 |
|
|
1 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
104-120 |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
not done yet |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
yes |
|
55 |
|
|
1 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
52 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
no |
|
14, 33 |
|
|
0 |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
372 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
209 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
199-200 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
81-2 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
yes |
|
39 |
|
|
1 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
144-148 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
yes |
|
314 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
426 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
411 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
79, 56b |
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
99 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
367 |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
106 |
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
yes |
|
81-2 |
|
|
1 |
| Duungidjawu |
yes |
|
43 |
|
|
1 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
129 |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bularnu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Biri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Alyawarr |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
86-88 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
98 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
yes |
|
90-91 |
|
|
1 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
62-65 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
yes |
|
86-90 |
|
|
1 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kurrama |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yingkarta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
26 |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
yes |
|
314 |
|
|
1 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
111 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no info |
|
FO 121 |
|
|
x |
| Wakaya |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
yes |
|
38 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
90 |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
103 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
Yes |
|
47 |
|
|
1 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
238 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
G 149 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
77 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warluwarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warnman |
Yes |
|
51 |
|
|
1 |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
109 |
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
no info |
|
6.2.3.1 |
|
|
x |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
Maybe |
|
50 |
|
|
1 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
70 |
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
Yes |
|
19 |
|
|
1 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
102 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
yes |
|
309 |
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
yes |
a paradigm exists that specifies animate/inanimate |
Payne and Payne 1990:357 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
