Pre-/post-nasalized stops
- Category
- Phonology - Segmental
- Notes
- Analysis posits that the stop is the most relevant underlying phoneme. Comment in notes on whether the nasal contour is understood as a phonetic (allophonic) effect, or is phonologically contrastive.
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 14 | ||||
| Aché | yes | pre-nasalization triggered by nasal vowels | Rossler 2008:32-33 | |||
| Adnyamathanha | yes | 1 | ||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | Yes | 25 | 1 | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:20-7 | ||||
| Alyawarr | yes | 17 | 1 | |||
| Andoke | no | Landaburu 1979, p.27 | ||||
| Apurinã | no | Facundes 2000: 70-78 | ||||
| Arabana | no | 26 | 0 | |||
| Arrernte | No | 71 | 0 | |||
| Bandjalang | No | 8 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | yes | allophonic in initial position | Ramirez, H. 2001. Uma gramatica do Baniwa do Icana, p.31 | phonetic prenasalization in initial position | ||
| Barasano | yes | Jones & Jones 1991, p.14 | ||||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | no | Aikhenvald 1995: 5 | ||||
| Batyala | No | 3 | 0 | |||
| Baure | yes | Phonetic pre-nasalized variants | Danielsen 2007:2009 | |||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
| Bilinarra | no | 2.1 | 0 | |||
| Biri | no info | x | ||||
| Bora | no | Seifart 2005 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 11 | 0 | |||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | no | Margery 1982:34, 38 | ||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | no | Huayhua Pari 2001: 68 to 72 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | ||||||
| Comanche | ||||||
| Cubeo | yes | pre-nasalized stops | Chacon 2012:99 | |||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | no | |||||
| Darkinyung | no | 10 | 0 | |||
| Desano | yes | The voiced stops that occur in syllables that are intrinsically nonnasal are prenasalized when they appear word intitially or follow a nasal morpheme. | Miller, Marion. 1999. Desano grammar: Studies in the languages of Colombia 6. Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics, 132. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at | |||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 18 | 0 | |||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no | 13 | 0 | |||
| Djinang | No | 3 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 18 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 270-1 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | yes | Martins 2004:23 | ||||
| Eñepa | yes | Prenasalization occurs | Price 1984 | |||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
| Githabul | No | 4 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Guaymí | no | Quesada 2008:32 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no info | x | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | xix | 0 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith | ||||
| Gunya | No | 283 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 36 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 16 | 0 | |||
| Hup | yes | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | no | Frank 1990:10 | ||||
| Ingá | no | Levinson 1976:23-25 | ||||
| Jaru | no | 23 | 0 | |||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | yes | Texeira 1988:4 | ||||
| Kakua | yes | Bolaños fieldnotes | /g/ doesn't occur onset. | |||
| Kalkatungu | no | 5b | 0 | |||
| Karajarri | No | 47 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no | Everett 2006:13 | ||||
| Katthang | no | 17 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | No | 1 | 0 | |||
| Kawaiisu | ||||||
| Kinikinau | yes | It is an allophonic phenomenon (Souza 2008:58) | Souza 2008:58-9 | |||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010:93-103 | ||||
| Kokatha | No | 5 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | yes | Gralow & Cook 1984 | ||||
| Kotiria | no info | Stenzel 2004 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 374 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 0 | ||||
| Kunjen | No | 14 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | no | 11 | 0 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 26 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | ||||||
| Macaguan | no | Buenaventura 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Hall 1988: 214-260 | ||||
| Makuna | yes | Smothermon & Smothermon p.46 | prenasalization | |||
| Makushi | yes | Abbott 1991 | ||||
| Mapudungun | no | Salas 1992, p.73-92 | ||||
| Marrgany | No | 283 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 0 | ||||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 58 | 0 | |||
| Matses | no | Fleck:73-81 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 21 | 0 | |||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no | 10 | 0 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | yes | Barbosa 2005:44, mentions preoralized nasals (bm) | Barbosa 2005 | |||
| Nanti | no | Michael, Lev. 2008. Nanti Evidential Practice: Language, knowledge and social action in an Amazonian society. Austin, TX: University of Texas at Austin dissertation. p. 221 | ||||
| Narungga | No | 35 | 0 | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 13 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 9 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No | 0 | ||||
| Ngiyambaa | no | 15 | 0 | |||
| Nhanta | no info | x | ||||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011:47 | ||||
| Ninam | no | Migliazza 1972: p.38-39 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | yes | It is caused by process of progressive and regressive nasalization | Aguirre 1999:20 | Chamí | ||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no | d30-1 | 0 | |||
| Paakantyi | no | 0 | ||||
| Panyjima | no info | 130-135 | x | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | yes | Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:21 | ||||
| Paresi | no | Brandão 2010:10 | ||||
| Pemon | no | Pessoa 2005 | ||||
| Piapoco | no | Sudo, Timothy. 1976: 55 | ||||
| Pintupi | maybe | 38-39 | 1 | |||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | Y 36 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 187 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | yes | Girón Higuita 2008: 44 | ||||
| Páez | yes | Jung 2000:140-3 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no | Parker 1965:11, 13-4 | ||||
| Resígaro | no | Allin, 1976, p. 58 | ||||
| Ritharrngu | No | 13 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no | Migliazza 1972: p.38-39 | ||||
| Serrano | ||||||
| Shoshone | ||||||
| Sikuani | no | de Kondo 1985 | ||||
| Siona | no | Wheeler 1970 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | ||||||
| Southern Ute | ||||||
| Surui | yes | Pre-nasalized stops. However, the author says than NC sequences can be pre-nasalized consonants or consonant cluster without further discussion on the subject. This is an allophonic phenomenon. | Bontkes and Bontkes 2009:5, 18 | |||
| Tanimuca | yes | Gaviria p.51 | ||||
| Tariana | no | Aikhenvald 2003: 26 | ||||
| Thanggati | no | 4-5 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 3 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | yes | There is prenasalization. However, the voiced obstruents become nasal before a nasal vowel | Montes 2000:292 | |||
| Timbisha | ||||||
| Tukano | yes | West and Welch 2004: 4 | pre-nasalized stops (voiced and voiceless) after nasal vowel | |||
| Uradhi | No | 315-6 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no | Olawsky:74 | ||||
| Wajarri | No | 17 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no | 7 | 0 | |||
| Waorani | no | Saint and Pike 1962:5-15 | There are phonetically prenasalized stops | |||
| Wapishana | no | Santos, 2006: 32 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no | n66 | 0 | |||
| Warluwarra | yes | 816 | 1 | |||
| Warnman | No | 10 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 16 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Warumungu | No | 6 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Wathawurrung | no | 66 | 0 | |||
| Waunana | no | Loewen 1954:7-10 | ||||
| Wayuu | no | Alvarez, José (1985). Aspects of the Phonology of Guajiro. PhD dissertation: University of Essex: p. 35 | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 4 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | ||||||
| WesternTorres | no | K81 104-5 | 0 | |||
| Wiradjuri | no | 10, 11 | 0 | |||
| Wirangu | No | 26-35 | 0 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no | 59 | 0 | |||
| Worrorra | no | 2-3 | 0 | |||
| Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no | 6,7 | 0 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | no | 0 | ||||
| Yandruwandha | no | 10 | 0 | |||
| Yanesha' | no | Fast 1953:191-4 | ||||
| Yanomami | no | Migliazza 1972: p.38-39 | ||||
| Yanyuwa | yes | 2 | 1 | |||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi (1987), p. 26 | ||||
| Yawuru | no | 0 | ||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no | 10 | 0 | |||
| Yindjilindji | no | 0 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 41 | 0 | |||
| Yugambeh | no | 0 | ||||
| Yukuna | no | Shauer and Shauer, 1972 | ||||
| Yulparija | No | 16 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 15-7 | 0 |
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