| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 14 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
|
Allin, 1976, p. 58 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald 1995: 5 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Sudo, Timothy. 1976: 55 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer and Shauer, 1972 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi (1987), p. 26 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos, 2006: 32 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Alvarez, José (1985). Aspects of the Phonology of Guajiro. PhD dissertation: University of Essex: p. 35 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald 2003: 26 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
|
Facundes 2000: 70-78 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Fast 1953:191-4 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
yes |
It is an allophonic phenomenon (Souza 2008:58) |
Souza 2008:58-9 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
Phonetic pre-nasalized variants |
Danielsen 2007:2009 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, Lev. 2008. Nanti Evidential Practice: Language, knowledge and social action in an Amazonian society. Austin, TX: University of Texas at Austin dissertation. p. 221 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no |
|
Brandão 2010:10 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart 2005 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 214-260 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
|
Abbott 1991 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
Prenasalization occurs |
Price 1984 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
Pessoa 2005 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1990:10 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no |
|
Margery 1982:34, 38 |
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:32 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo 1985 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
|
Buenaventura 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:20-7 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
yes |
It is caused by process of progressive and regressive nasalization |
Aguirre 1999:20 |
|
Chamí |
|
| Waorani |
no |
|
Saint and Pike 1962:5-15 |
|
There are phonetically prenasalized stops |
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1976:23-25 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:73-81 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Salas 1992, p.73-92 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
yes |
|
Jung 2000:140-3 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:11, 13-4 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
There is prenasalization. However, the voiced obstruents become nasal before a nasal vowel |
Montes 2000:292 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:74 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no |
|
Loewen 1954:7-10 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no |
|
Landaburu 1979, p.27 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
yes |
|
Girón Higuita 2008: 44 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 68 to 72 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
yes |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
/g/ doesn't occur onset. |
|
| Kaingang |
yes |
|
Texeira 1988:4 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
Barbosa 2005:44, mentions preoralized nasals (bm) |
Barbosa 2005 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
|
Martins 2004:23 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
The voiced stops that occur in syllables that are intrinsically nonnasal are prenasalized when they appear word intitially or follow a nasal morpheme. |
Miller, Marion. 1999. Desano grammar: Studies in the languages of Colombia 6. Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics, 132. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
pre-nasalized stops |
Chacon 2012:99 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no info |
|
Stenzel 2004 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon p.46 |
|
prenasalization |
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Gralow & Cook 1984 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.14 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
|
Gaviria p.51 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler 1970 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
|
West and Welch 2004: 4 |
|
pre-nasalized stops (voiced and voiceless) after nasal vowel |
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Migliazza 1972: p.38-39 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Migliazza 1972: p.38-39 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Migliazza 1972: p.38-39 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
yes |
Pre-nasalized stops. However, the author says than NC sequences can be pre-nasalized consonants or consonant cluster without further discussion on the subject. This is an allophonic phenomenon. |
Bontkes and Bontkes 2009:5, 18 |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:13 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011:47 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
|
Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:21 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
yes |
pre-nasalization triggered by nasal vowels |
Rossler 2008:32-33 |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010:93-103 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
2-3 |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warlpiri |
no |
|
n66 |
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
41 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
10 |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
2 |
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
10 |
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
6,7 |
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
59 |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
26-35 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 4 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
6 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no |
|
7 |
|
|
0 |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
315-6 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
187 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
maybe |
|
38-39 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyungar |
no |
|
d30-1 |
|
|
0 |
| Nhanta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
15 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
10 |
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
21 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
283 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
26 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
374 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
1 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
5b |
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
23 |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
36 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
xix |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
15-7 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
270-1 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
18 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
3 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
18 |
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
10 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
11 |
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
No |
|
3 |
|
|
0 |
| Arabana |
no |
|
26 |
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
17 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
66 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
58 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
4-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
17 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no info |
|
130-135 |
|
|
x |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
9 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
11 |
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
4 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
283 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
14 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
K81 104-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
8 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
13 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
71 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
5 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
47 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 36 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
13 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
yes |
|
816 |
|
|
1 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
10 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
13 |
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
2.1 |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no |
|
10, 11 |
|
|
0 |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
Yes |
|
25 |
|
|
1 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
35 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
3 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
17 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
allophonic in initial position |
Ramirez, H. 2001. Uma gramatica do Baniwa do Icana, p.31 |
|
|
phonetic prenasalization in initial position |
