| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
No other transitivizing derivation discussed in the formation of the verb stem. |
Allin, 1976: 105-106 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 252-262 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 521 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 66-69 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 801 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
The causative morpheme -i/-ita has other functions when applied to most transitive verbs. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 279 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
The only valence-increasing morpheme is a causative. |
Facundes, 2000: 505-509 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
Verity: emphasizes authenticity. |
Payne 1981:44 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no info |
|
Zamponi 2003:37-47 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
The applicative and dtive verbal suffixes increase verbal valency |
Duff-Tripp 1997:99 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no info |
|
Danielsen 2007 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 279-289 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no info |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
no info on valence |
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
noun incorporation |
Hall 1988 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Carson 1982; Abbott 1991 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
Payne 2012:341 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
yes |
dative shift |
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
|
Frank 1990:68 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
yes |
A object marker specific for "objects/things/ may be attached to intransitive verbs changing them into transitive ones |
Ortiz 1994:392 |
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
"destinatario"; denotes an object is for someone else, not necessarily benefactive (yo le compré panela a Dionela) |
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.2) - 1985:43; Queixaós - 2000:122-126 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:311 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1978:11-23 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
Instrument "promotion" |
Fleck:894-900 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
yes |
|
Salas 1992, p.186-7 |
|
There are other transitivizers which, in general, are very similar on form to the caustives |
|
| Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
This verbal suffix transitivizes the verb and indicates company with the purpose of helping someone (e.g. I will accompany you to do X). |
Parker 1965:75 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
It adds an argument for both transitive and intransitive verbs |
Montes 2004b:126 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
postposition to add an argument |
Olawsky:622 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
These are transitivizing verbal suffixes. The first is for singular subject; the seconf, for plural. |
Loewen 1954:53 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 124 |
|
In addition to the causative suffix, sufijos decrecientes (decreasing/falling suffixes?) can also make intransitive verbs transitives. |
|
| Kakua |
no info |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
not indicated/expected |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.102-103 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no info |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
make the tone on the verb root a falling tone to transitivize the verb. |
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
Valence increasing operations are causative, benefactive, and possessor upgrading. |
Miller 1999, p.113 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
the authorative suffix is derived from verb root 'kõxẽ' |
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 59 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no info |
|
Stenzel 2004 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.64 |
|
no info/not expected |
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.69-72 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992,p.92-100 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no info |
|
Wheeler - 1970; Wheeler - 1987 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
applicative suffix/dependent verb -duti "to send/order someone to do something" |
Ramirez 1997: 184-5 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1994: 238 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011:287 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010:373 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Walmajarri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyulnyul |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
ms11.4.4 |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yidiny |
not done yet |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
177 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
98-104 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 47-50 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
376 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
yes |
|
191 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
205 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
163 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
146-9 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
145 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
339 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
402-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
414 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
89 |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
118 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
307 |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
85 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
yes |
|
91 |
|
|
1 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
86-7 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
124 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
72; 157-160 |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bularnu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Biri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no |
|
148-52 |
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
47 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
89-90 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
No |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
87 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
55-6 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
83-90 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
187-192 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kurrama |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
23 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
339 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| WesternTorres |
yes |
|
K85a 105-9 |
|
|
1 |
| Wakaya |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
86 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
71 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
193 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
195 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 230 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
61 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
Yes |
|
77 |
|
|
1 |
| Warluwarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warnman |
No |
|
44 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
yes? |
|
114-6 |
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
83 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
37 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
108 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
analytical causatives |
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
