| Cahuilla |
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
4 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
4 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
2 |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 25 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
2 |
Distal and proximate |
Allin, 1976: 199 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
3 |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 22 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
3 |
-i for things close to the deictic center, -de for things outside of the center, and -ra for things outside of the deictic space. |
Galindo, 2002: 186 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no info |
Demonstratives are not discussed among other part of speech. |
Shauer & Shauer, 2000 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
3 |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 49 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
2 |
proximal and distant |
Santos 2006: 188 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
4 |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 798 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
2 |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 206 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
2 |
The demonstratives inflect for gender. |
Facundes, 2000: 355-357 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
3 |
Proximal, medial, distal |
Mihas 2010:174 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no info |
Author claims demonstratives are not common |
Zamponi 2003:22 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
3 |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:53 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
3 |
can also mean disapproval and absence. When used with an NP, "it generally moves the argument further away from the speaker and hearer" |
Danielsen 2007: p315 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
3 |
speaker and addressee proximal, speaker proximal, and speaker distal |
Michael, 2008. p. 304-305 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
2 |
|
Rowan 1978:xiii |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
2 |
|
Green and Green 1972:63 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
yes |
2 distances (male, female, plural; near and distant respectively) |
Matteson 1965:107 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
3 |
proximate, far, farther for masc./non masc. |
Patte 1989:56 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
2 contrasts: that, this (as well as these, which is perceived through conext). Thiesen also notes a contrast of "some." |
Seifart - 2005:126; Thiesen - 1996:36 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
3 |
proximal, medial, distal for sing. and pl. |
Hall 1988: 101-3, 282-3 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
2 |
near' and 'at a distance' |
Carson 1982: 92-93 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
2 |
|
Tosantos 1977:20 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
3 |
sere, this (close); muere, that (farther); chinek, that over there (really far) |
de Armellada 1999: 62 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
2 |
distal, proximal |
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
3 |
3 distances (near, far, farthest) |
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
2 |
|
Frank 1985:35 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
3 |
|
Celedón 1886:11 |
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
3 |
|
Quesada 2008:75 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
2 |
proximal, distal |
Queixalós 1998:74-75 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
3 |
Those are the nominative forms of the demosntratives. The demosntratives vary thier form according to the case they have (acc., loc., instr., etc.) |
Overall 2007:157 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
2 |
|
Aguirre 1999:78 |
|
Chamí |
|
| Waorani |
3 |
|
Peeke 1973:129 |
|
|
|
| Ingá |
2 |
it appears that their system is similar to Spanish "aquí, aquel, este, esto, esta, etc.", however the data does not state this directly--this inference is, so far, borne out by the data |
Levinson 1974:13 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
There is a three-term system. |
Fleck:258-9 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
yes |
4 different distance forms |
Zúñiga 2006, p, 92 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
2 |
|
Rojas:197-8 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
3 |
kay "close", tʃai "medial" and wak "far" |
Parker 1965:36 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
4 |
|
Montes 2004b:74 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
3-way distinction |
Olawsky:216 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Andoke |
2 |
also a demonstrative for 'thing being talked about' ˄i |
Landaburu 1979: 135 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
2 |
Table 12; Table 13 |
Giron 2008: p175 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
4 |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 205 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
yes |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
0 |
proximal - distal |
Goncalves 2011:289 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
3 |
3; close, distant, outside of view but audible |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.94 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
3 |
near, far, intangible |
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
3 |
3, something like 'near', 'far', 'farther' (limited info) |
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
2 |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
2 |
proximate 'this' and distant 'that'; 'the other' |
Miller 1999, p. 31 |
|
Demonstrative pronouns distinguish between animate and inanimate, and two degrees of distance.They are inflected for number and gender or class. |
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
proximate and distal for animate referents |
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 83 |
|
distal and proximate plus ananphoric for inanimate referents |
|
| Kotiria |
0 |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 184 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
3 for inaminates (dist., prox., med.) and 2 for animates (dist., prox.) |
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.35 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
3, 'this' (near speaker), 'that' (a short distinction), 'that' (present but not visible, or someone mentioned above) |
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.32 |
|
The same demonstration was used to refer to nouns conretos that have already been named in a previous sentence (keep a classifier suffix to these.) |
|
| Barasano |
3 |
The pronouns for animate referents distinguish two degrees of distance- proximate and distal; those for inanimate have an additional medial degree of distance. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.32 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
2 |
|
Strom 1992, p.52 |
|
The locative pronouns 'here' and 'there' |
|
| Siona |
1 |
Near, distant definite; indefinite. |
Wheeler - 1987:134 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
2 |
|
West and Welch 2004: 98-99 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
yes, 3 |
|
Ramirez 1994: 210 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
yes, 3 |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.56-57 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
yes, 3 |
|
Borgman 1990: p.151 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
3 |
|
Van der Meer (?):12 |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
2 |
|
Everett 2006:313-15 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
2 |
proximal - distal |
Cruz 2011:146 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
2 |
|
Ayala 1996:29-31 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
2 |
proximate/non-proximate |
Vallejos 2010:214 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bunuba |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Walmajarri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyulnyul |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warrwa |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Worrorra |
yes |
|
56 |
|
|
1 |
| Garrwa |
yes |
|
fpro15 |
|
|
1 |
| Gooniyandi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
n34 |
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
yes |
|
74 |
|
|
1 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no info |
|
71-73 |
|
|
x |
| Yidiny |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
7 |
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
94 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
yes |
|
16 |
|
|
1 |
| Woiwurrung |
yes |
|
103 |
|
|
1 |
| Wirangu |
yes |
|
90 |
|
|
1 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
yes |
|
H 39 |
|
|
1 |
| Warumungu |
yes |
|
31 |
|
|
1 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
Yes |
|
357 |
|
|
1 |
| Paakantyi |
yes |
|
118-121 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
yes |
|
194 |
|
|
1 |
| Pintupi |
yes |
|
105 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
yes |
|
72 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
128, 135 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngayawang |
yes |
|
11 |
|
|
1 |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
84 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
yes |
|
52 |
|
|
1 |
| Martuthunira |
yes |
|
110 |
|
|
1 |
| Marrgany |
yes |
|
305 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
255 |
|
|
1 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
83 |
|
|
1 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
395 |
|
|
1 |
| Kaurna |
yes |
|
9 |
|
|
1 |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
34, 41b |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
yes |
|
61, 75 |
|
|
1 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
yes |
|
72 |
|
|
1 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
274, 324 |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
92 |
|
|
1 |
| Dyirbal |
yes |
|
46-48 |
|
|
1 |
| Duungidjawu |
yes |
|
56, 58-59 |
|
|
1 |
| Djinang |
Yes |
|
38 |
|
|
1 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
yes |
|
60 |
|
|
1 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
yes |
|
60 |
|
|
1 |
| Darkinyung |
yes |
|
24-25 |
|
|
1 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
56 |
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
yes |
|
28-9 |
|
|
1 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
yes |
|
84 |
|
|
1 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
120, 122 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
110 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
Yes |
|
31 |
|
|
1 |
| Wathawurrung |
yes |
|
144 |
|
|
1 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
yes |
|
92-95 |
|
|
1 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
yes |
|
35-37 |
|
|
1 |
| Thanggati |
yes |
|
31 |
|
|
1 |
| Katthang |
yes |
|
50 |
|
|
1 |
| Panyjima |
yes |
|
161 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngarinyeri |
yes |
|
30 |
|
|
1 |
| Kurrama |
yes |
|
92 |
|
|
1 |
| Yingkarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Githabul |
yes |
|
17 |
|
|
1 |
| Gunya |
yes |
|
305 |
|
|
1 |
| Kunjen |
yes |
|
49 |
|
|
1 |
| WesternTorres |
yes |
|
FO 124 |
|
|
1 |
| Wakaya |
yes |
|
155 |
|
|
1 |
| Yindjilindji |
yes |
|
509 |
|
|
1 |
| Bandjalang |
yes |
|
70 |
|
|
1 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
25 |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
90 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
Yes |
|
50, 60 |
|
|
1 |
| Karajarri |
Yes |
|
252 |
|
|
1 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
G 104 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
49 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
Yes |
|
44 |
|
|
1 |
| Warluwarra |
yes |
|
879 |
|
|
1 |
| Warnman |
Yes |
|
40 |
|
|
1 |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
2 |
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
yes |
|
4.2 |
|
|
1 |
| Wiradjuri |
yes |
|
42 |
|
|
1 |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No info |
|
67 |
|
|
x |
| Narungga |
Yes |
|
56 |
|
|
1 |
| Tharrkari |
Yes |
|
16 |
|
|
1 |
| Wajarri |
Yes |
|
81 |
|
|
1 |
| Warungu |
yes |
|
173 |
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
2 |
this' and 'that' |
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
4 |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
