Distance contrasts in demonstratives (number)
- Category
- Nominal Categories - Definiteness and clusivity
- Notes
- Note the number of distances in the demonstrative system
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | 2 | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 25 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No info | 67 | x | |||
| Aguaruna | 3 | Those are the nominative forms of the demosntratives. The demosntratives vary thier form according to the case they have (acc., loc., instr., etc.) | Overall 2007:157 | |||
| Alyawarr | yes | 110 | 1 | |||
| Andoke | 2 | also a demonstrative for 'thing being talked about' ˄i | Landaburu 1979: 135 | |||
| Apurinã | 2 | The demonstratives inflect for gender. | Facundes, 2000: 355-357 | |||
| Arabana | yes | 120, 122 | 1 | |||
| Arrernte | Yes | 90 | 1 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | 3 | Proximal, medial, distal | Mihas 2010:174 | |||
| Añun | 3 | proximate, far, farther for masc./non masc. | Patte 1989:56 | |||
| Bandjalang | yes | 70 | 1 | |||
| Baniwa | 4 | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | 3 | The pronouns for animate referents distinguish two degrees of distance- proximate and distal; those for inanimate have an additional medial degree of distance. | Jones & Jones 1991, p.32 | |||
| Bardi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Bare | 3 | Aikhenvald, 1995: 22 | ||||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | 3 | can also mean disapproval and absence. When used with an NP, "it generally moves the argument further away from the speaker and hearer" | Danielsen 2007: p315 | |||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | yes | 84 | 1 | |||
| Bilinarra | yes | 4.2 | 1 | |||
| Biri | yes | 28-9 | 1 | |||
| Bora | yes | 2 contrasts: that, this (as well as these, which is perceived through conext). Thiesen also notes a contrast of "some." | Seifart - 2005:126; Thiesen - 1996:36 | |||
| Bularnu | no | 56 | 0 | |||
| Bunuba | yes | 1 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | 3 | |||||
| Central Aymara | 4 | Huayhua Pari 2001: 205 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | 2 | |||||
| Comanche | 3 | |||||
| Cubeo | yes | proximate and distal for animate referents | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 83 | distal and proximate plus ananphoric for inanimate referents | ||
| Cupeño | 2 | |||||
| Damana | no | |||||
| Darkinyung | yes | 24-25 | 1 | |||
| Desano | 2 | proximate 'this' and distant 'that'; 'the other' | Miller 1999, p. 31 | Demonstrative pronouns distinguish between animate and inanimate, and two degrees of distance.They are inflected for number and gender or class. | ||
| Dharawal | yes | 60 | 1 | |||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | yes | 60 | 1 | |||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | yes | 2 | 1 | |||
| Djinang | Yes | 38 | 1 | |||
| Duungidjawu | yes | 56, 58-59 | 1 | |||
| Dyirbal | yes | 46-48 | 1 | |||
| Dâw | 2 | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | 2 | Tosantos 1977:20 | ||||
| Gabrielino | 2 | |||||
| Garrwa | yes | fpro15 | 1 | |||
| Githabul | yes | 17 | 1 | |||
| Gooniyandi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Guaymí | 3 | Quesada 2008:75 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | yes | 1 | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | yes | 274, 324 | 1 | |||
| Guna | 2 | distal, proximal | Smith texts | |||
| Gunya | yes | 305 | 1 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | yes | 72 | 1 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | yes | 35-37 | 1 | |||
| Hup | 3 | near, far, intangible | Epps 2008 | |||
| Idaho Shoshone | 4 | |||||
| Ika | 2 | Frank 1985:35 | ||||
| Ingá | 2 | it appears that their system is similar to Spanish "aquí, aquel, este, esto, esta, etc.", however the data does not state this directly--this inference is, so far, borne out by the data | Levinson 1974:13 | |||
| Jaru | yes | 61, 75 | 1 | |||
| Jingulu | yes | 1 | ||||
| Kaingang | 0 | proximal - distal | Goncalves 2011:289 | |||
| Kakua | yes | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | yes | 34, 41b | 1 | |||
| Karajarri | Yes | 252 | 1 | |||
| Karitiana | 2 | Everett 2006:313-15 | ||||
| Katthang | yes | 50 | 1 | |||
| Kaurna | yes | 9 | 1 | |||
| Kawaiisu | 2 | |||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | 3 | |||||
| Kogi | 3 | Celedón 1886:11 | ||||
| Kokama | 2 | proximate/non-proximate | Vallejos 2010:214 | |||
| Kokatha | Yes | 50, 60 | 1 | |||
| Koreguaje | yes | 3, 'this' (near speaker), 'that' (a short distinction), 'that' (present but not visible, or someone mentioned above) | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.32 | The same demonstration was used to refer to nouns conretos that have already been named in a previous sentence (keep a classifier suffix to these.) | ||
| Kotiria | 0 | Stenzel 2004, p. 184 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | yes | 395 | 1 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | yes | 83 | 1 | |||
| Kunjen | yes | 49 | 1 | |||
| Kurrama | yes | 92 | 1 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | Yes | 255 | 1 | |||
| Luiseño | 3 | |||||
| Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no info | Author claims demonstratives are not common | Zamponi 2003:22 | |||
| Makiritare | 3 | proximal, medial, distal for sing. and pl. | Hall 1988: 101-3, 282-3 | |||
| Makuna | yes | 3 for inaminates (dist., prox., med.) and 2 for animates (dist., prox.) | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.35 | |||
| Makushi | 2 | near' and 'at a distance' | Carson 1982: 92-93 | |||
| Mapudungun | yes | 4 different distance forms | Zúñiga 2006, p, 92 | |||
| Marrgany | yes | 305 | 1 | |||
| Martuthunira | yes | 110 | 1 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | yes | 92-95 | 1 | |||
| Matses | yes | There is a three-term system. | Fleck:258-9 | |||
| Mayi-Yapi | yes | 52 | 1 | |||
| Minica Witoto | 3 | 3; close, distant, outside of view but audible | Minor and Minor 1982. p.94 | |||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | yes | 84 | 1 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | 3 | 3, something like 'near', 'far', 'farther' (limited info) | Weir 1984 | |||
| Nanti | 3 | speaker and addressee proximal, speaker proximal, and speaker distal | Michael, 2008. p. 304-305 | |||
| Narungga | Yes | 56 | 1 | |||
| Naso | 3 | 3 distances (near, far, farthest) | Quesada 2000 | |||
| Ngaatjatjara | yes | 25 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | yes | 30 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | yes | 11 | 1 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | yes | 128, 135 | 1 | |||
| Nhanta | yes | 72 | 1 | |||
| Nheengatu | 2 | proximal - distal | Cruz 2011:146 | |||
| Ninam | yes, 3 | Goodwin-Gomez, p.56-57 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | 2 | Aguirre 1999:78 | Chamí | |||
| Northern Paiute | 2 | |||||
| Nyangumarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyikina | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | yes | 118-121 | 1 | |||
| Palikur | 2 | Green and Green 1972:63 | ||||
| Panyjima | yes | 161 | 1 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | 2 | Ayala 1996:29-31 | ||||
| Paresi | 2 | Rowan 1978:xiii | ||||
| Pemon | 3 | sere, this (close); muere, that (farther); chinek, that over there (really far) | de Armellada 1999: 62 | |||
| Piapoco | 3 | -i for things close to the deictic center, -de for things outside of the center, and -ra for things outside of the deictic space. | Galindo, 2002: 186 | |||
| Pintupi | yes | 105 | 1 | |||
| Pitjantjatjara | Yes | G 104 | 1 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | yes | 194 | 1 | |||
| Puinave | 2 | Table 12; Table 13 | Giron 2008: p175 | |||
| Páez | 2 | Rojas:197-8 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | 3 | kay "close", tʃai "medial" and wak "far" | Parker 1965:36 | |||
| Resígaro | 2 | Distal and proximate | Allin, 1976: 199 | |||
| Ritharrngu | Yes | 49 | 1 | |||
| Sanumá | yes, 3 | Borgman 1990: p.151 | ||||
| Serrano | 3 | |||||
| Shoshone | 4 | |||||
| Sikuani | 2 | proximal, distal | Queixalós 1998:74-75 | |||
| Siona | 1 | Near, distant definite; indefinite. | Wheeler - 1987:134 | |||
| Southern Paiute | 2 | |||||
| Southern Ute | 2 | |||||
| Surui | 3 | Van der Meer (?):12 | ||||
| Tanimuca | 2 | Strom 1992, p.52 | The locative pronouns 'here' and 'there' | |||
| Tariana | 2 | Aikhenvald, 2003: 206 | ||||
| Thanggati | yes | 31 | 1 | |||
| Tharrkari | Yes | 16 | 1 | |||
| Tikuna | 4 | Montes 2004b:74 | ||||
| Timbisha | 3 | |||||
| Tukano | 2 | West and Welch 2004: 98-99 | ||||
| Uradhi | Yes | 357 | 1 | |||
| Urarina | yes | 3-way distinction | Olawsky:216 | |||
| Wajarri | Yes | 81 | 1 | |||
| Wakaya | yes | 155 | 1 | |||
| Walmajarri | no info | x | ||||
| Wambaya | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | 3 | Peeke 1973:129 | ||||
| Wapishana | 2 | proximal and distant | Santos 2006: 188 | |||
| Warlpiri | yes | n34 | 1 | |||
| Warluwarra | yes | 879 | 1 | |||
| Warnman | Yes | 40 | 1 | |||
| Warrgamay | Yes | 44 | 1 | |||
| Warrwa | yes | 1 | ||||
| Warumungu | yes | 31 | 1 | |||
| Warungu | yes | 173 | 1 | |||
| Wathawurrung | yes | 144 | 1 | |||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | 4 | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 798 | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | yes | H 39 | 1 | |||
| Western Mono | 2 | |||||
| WesternTorres | yes | FO 124 | 1 | |||
| Wiradjuri | yes | 42 | 1 | |||
| Wirangu | yes | 90 | 1 | |||
| Woiwurrung | yes | 103 | 1 | |||
| Worrorra | yes | 56 | 1 | |||
| Yagua | 2 | this' and 'that' | Payne and Payne 1990 | |||
| Yalarnnga | yes | 16 | 1 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | yes | 94 | 1 | |||
| Yanesha' | 3 | Duff-Tripp 1997:53 | ||||
| Yanomami | yes, 3 | Ramirez 1994: 210 | ||||
| Yanyuwa | yes | 7 | 1 | |||
| Yavitero | 3 | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 49 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no info | 71-73 | x | |||
| Yindjilindji | yes | 509 | 1 | |||
| Yine | yes | 2 distances (male, female, plural; near and distant respectively) | Matteson 1965:107 | |||
| Yingkarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | yes | 74 | 1 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no info | Demonstratives are not discussed among other part of speech. | Shauer & Shauer, 2000 | |||
| Yulparija | Yes | 31 | 1 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | Yes | 92 | 1 |
| Language |
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