Causative: dedicated sociative
- Category
- Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing
- Notes
- Indicates that causer participates in event
| Language |
Feature Status |
Grammatical Notes |
Source |
Etymology Notes |
General Notes |
Phylogenetic Code |
| Cahuilla |
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| Cupeño |
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| Luiseño |
|
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| Serrano |
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| Kitanemuk |
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| Kawaiisu |
|
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| Timbisha |
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| Western Mono |
|
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| Chemehuevi |
|
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| Southern Paiute |
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| Southern Ute |
|
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| Shoshone |
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| Comanche |
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| Idaho Shoshone |
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| Northern Paiute |
|
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| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
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| Achagua |
no info |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Bare |
no info |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
no |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 521 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 801 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
no |
"Indirect causation" is achieved by a serial verb construction. |
Aikhenvald, 2003: 278 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no info |
|
Facundes, 2000 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
|
Mihas 2010: 104 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:37-47 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
no |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:100-1 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no info |
more likely not |
Danielsen 2007:250-2 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 279 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no |
However, the regular causative {-ki} can have this meaning as well |
Brandão 2010:35 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no info |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no info |
no info on valence |
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:59 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 132 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
yes |
"A causative is expressed by the transitive verb emapu'ti 'cause' occuring with a subordinate clause. When this occurs the causing agent is the subject of the main clause and the causee is the subject of the subordinate clause. (The verb of the main claus |
Abbott 1991: 40-41 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no info |
|
|
|
|
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| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
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| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:181-2 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.2) - 1985:43; Queixaós - 2000:122-126 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no info |
|
|
|
more likely no |
|
| Northern Emberá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ingá |
no info |
|
Levinson 1978:12 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Salas 1992, p.186 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
|
Jung:102-5 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no info |
|
|
|
|
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| Tikuna |
no info |
|
|
|
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| Urarina |
no info |
|
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| Waunana |
no info |
|
|
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| Andoke |
no info |
|
|
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| Puinave |
no info |
|
|
|
|
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| Central Aymara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
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| Kakua |
no info |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
not indicated/expected |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.101 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no info |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
|
Miller 1999, p.115-116 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 57 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no info |
|
Stenzel 2004 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.64 |
|
no info/not expected |
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.70 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991,p.101-103 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992,p.92-100 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
yes |
Can also convey that the speaker identifies with or is related to what is going on. |
Wheeler - 1970:104 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
Ramirez 1997 |
|
no evidence for this |
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994 |
|
no evidence of this |
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez: 101 |
|
no evidence for this |
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990: 47-53 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:440-5 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no info |
|
Cruz 2011:287 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010:373 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bunuba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Walmajarri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyulnyul |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Warrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
11 |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
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| Yorta Yorta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
98-9 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 47-50 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
376 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
205 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
163 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
319 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
402-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
97 |
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
412-4 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
15 |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Jaru |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
118 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
306 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
84 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
91 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
86-7 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
122 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
40 |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no |
|
146-8 |
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
47 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
99-101 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
84 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
55-6 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
86 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
188-189 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
59 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
153 |
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
23 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
329 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| WesternTorres |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
86 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
71 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
193 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
195 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 224 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
61 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
77 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no info |
|
956 |
|
|
x |
| Warnman |
No |
|
44 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
75-6 |
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
83 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
37 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
108 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no info |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
