Causative: dedicated sociative
- Category
- Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing
- Notes
- Indicates that causer participates in event
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no info | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 83 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no info | more likely no | ||||
| Alyawarr | no info | X | ||||
| Andoke | no info | |||||
| Apurinã | no info | Facundes, 2000 | ||||
| Arabana | no | 146-8 | 0 | |||
| Arrernte | No | 193 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | yes | Mihas 2010: 104 | ||||
| Añun | no info | no info on valence | Patte 1989 | |||
| Bandjalang | No | 86 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | no info | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | no | Jones & Jones 1991,p.101-103 | ||||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | no info | Aikhenvald, 1995 | ||||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | no info | more likely not | Danielsen 2007:250-2 | |||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
| Bilinarra | no info | x | ||||
| Biri | no | 40 | 0 | |||
| Bora | no | Seifart - 2005:59 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 0 | ||||
| Bunuba | no info | x | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | no info | |||||
| Chemehuevi | ||||||
| Comanche | ||||||
| Cubeo | no | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 57 | ||||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | no | |||||
| Darkinyung | no info | x | ||||
| Desano | yes | Miller 1999, p.115-116 | ||||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no info | x | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no | 75-6 | 0 | |||
| Djinang | No | 122 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 86-7 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 91 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | no | |||||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
| Githabul | No | 23 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | no | Quesada 2008:181-2 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no info | x | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 306 | 0 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | No | 329 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 118 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 84 | 0 | |||
| Hup | yes | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | no info | |||||
| Ingá | no info | Levinson 1978:12 | ||||
| Jaru | no info | x | ||||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | no info | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no info | x | ||||
| Karajarri | No | 195 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no | Everett 2006:440-5 | ||||
| Katthang | no | 86 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | No | 15 | 0 | |||
| Kawaiisu | ||||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010:373 | ||||
| Kokatha | no info | x | ||||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.70 | ||||
| Kotiria | no info | Stenzel 2004 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 412-4 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 97 | 0 | |||
| Kunjen | No info | x | ||||
| Kurrama | no | 153 | 0 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 402-5 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | ||||||
| Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003:37-47 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Hall 1988: 132 | ||||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.64 | no info/not expected | |||
| Makushi | yes | "A causative is expressed by the transitive verb emapu'ti 'cause' occuring with a subordinate clause. When this occurs the causing agent is the subject of the main clause and the causee is the subject of the subordinate clause. (The verb of the main claus | Abbott 1991: 40-41 | |||
| Mapudungun | no | Salas 1992, p.186 | ||||
| Marrgany | No | 319 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 0 | ||||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 99-101 | 0 | |||
| Matses | no info | |||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No info | x | ||||
| Minica Witoto | no | not indicated/expected | Minor and Minor 1982. p.101 | |||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no info | x | ||||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no info | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | no | Michael, 2008. p. 279 | ||||
| Narungga | No info | x | ||||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 71 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 59 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No info | x | ||||
| Ngiyambaa | no | 163 | 0 | |||
| Nhanta | no info | x | ||||
| Nheengatu | no info | Cruz 2011:287 | ||||
| Ninam | no | Goodwin-Gomez: 101 | no evidence for this | |||
| Northern Emberá | no info | |||||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no info | x | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no info | X | ||||
| Palikur | no info | Launey 2003 | ||||
| Panyjima | no | 188-189 | 0 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no info | |||||
| Paresi | no | However, the regular causative {-ki} can have this meaning as well | Brandão 2010:35 | |||
| Pemon | no info | |||||
| Piapoco | no info | |||||
| Pintupi | no info | x | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | G 224 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 205 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | no info | |||||
| Páez | no | Jung:102-5 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no info | |||||
| Resígaro | no info | |||||
| Ritharrngu | No | 61 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no | Borgman 1990: 47-53 | ||||
| Serrano | ||||||
| Shoshone | ||||||
| Sikuani | no | de Kondo (Vol.2) - 1985:43; Queixaós - 2000:122-126 | ||||
| Siona | yes | Can also convey that the speaker identifies with or is related to what is going on. | Wheeler - 1970:104 | |||
| Southern Paiute | ||||||
| Southern Ute | ||||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | no | Strom 1992,p.92-100 | ||||
| Tariana | no | "Indirect causation" is achieved by a serial verb construction. | Aikhenvald, 2003: 278 | |||
| Thanggati | no | 55-6 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 37 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no info | |||||
| Timbisha | ||||||
| Tukano | no | Ramirez 1997 | no evidence for this | |||
| Uradhi | No | 376 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no info | |||||
| Wajarri | No | 108 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Walmajarri | no info | x | ||||
| Wambaya | no info | x | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos 2006 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no info | 0 | ||||
| Warluwarra | no info | 956 | x | |||
| Warnman | No | 44 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 77 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no info | x | ||||
| Warumungu | No info | x | ||||
| Warungu | no info | X | ||||
| Wathawurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | no | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 801 | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 47-50 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | ||||||
| WesternTorres | no info | x | ||||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | No | 98-9 | 0 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Worrorra | no | 11 | 0 | |||
| Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no info | x | ||||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no info | x | ||||
| Yanesha' | no | Duff-Tripp 1997:100-1 | ||||
| Yanomami | no | Ramirez 1994 | no evidence of this | |||
| Yanyuwa | no info | x | ||||
| Yavitero | no info | |||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no info | x | ||||
| Yindjilindji | no info | x | ||||
| Yine | no | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no info | x | ||||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no | Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 521 | ||||
| Yulparija | No | 47 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 84 | 0 |
| Language |
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