Evidentiality: verb affix or clitic
- Category
- Verbal Categories - Evidentiality
- Notes
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | n/a | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 91 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 70 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:471, 549 | ||||
| Alyawarr | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Andoke | no info | |||||
| Apurinã | yes | Only one evidential value. | Facundes, 2000: 305-327, 379-410 | |||
| Arabana | yes | 258 | 1 | |||
| Arrernte | No | 49 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Apparently, no evidentials | Payne 1981; Payne 1982; Payne 1983 | |||
| Añun | no info | no discussion of evidentiality | Patte 1989 | |||
| Bandjalang | no | 0 | ||||
| Baniwa | yes | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | yes | The simplest form of the realis tenses is a verb stem with a tense-evidential marker followed by a suffix for gender and number. | Jones & Jones 1991, p.83 | |||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | n/a | Aikhenvald, 1995 | ||||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | no info | Danielsen 2007 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
| Bilinarra | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Biri | no info | x | ||||
| Bora | yes | Seifart - 2005:73 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 0 | ||||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | yes | |||||
| Central Aymara | no | Levin 2004: 7 | Evidentials are included in the affix for tense and so are not independent affixes themselves. | |||
| Chemehuevi | no | |||||
| Comanche | yes | |||||
| Cubeo | yes | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 32 | ||||
| Cupeño | no | |||||
| Damana | yes | verb affix | ||||
| Darkinyung | no | 0 | ||||
| Desano | yes | Miller 1999, p. 64 | ||||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 0 | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Djinang | No | 167 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 0 | ||||
| Dyirbal | No | 0 | ||||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | yes | Payne 2012:349 | ||||
| Gabrielino | no | |||||
| Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
| Githabul | yes | 23 | 1 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | no info | |||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no info | x | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 0 | ||||
| Guna | yes | affixes | Smith texts | |||
| Gunya | yes | 326 | 1 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 0 | ||||
| Hup | yes | may be either; 'fluid' morphemes can appear in either inner suffix or enclitic position | Epps 2008 | |||
| Idaho Shoshone | no | |||||
| Ika | yes | Frank 1990:77 | ||||
| Ingá | yes | Levinson 1978:25 | ||||
| Jaru | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | yes | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Karajarri | No | 165 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | yes | it is a suffix | Everett 2006:281-4 | |||
| Katthang | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaurna | No | 0 | ||||
| Kawaiisu | no | |||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | no | |||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | yes | Vallejos 2010:494 | ||||
| Kokatha | No | 28 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.86-87 | ||||
| Kotiria | yes | Stenzel 2004, p. 345 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 0 | ||||
| Kuku Yalanji | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Kunjen | No | 0 | ||||
| Kurrama | yes | 176-9 | 1 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 66 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | no | |||||
| Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | yes | Zamponi 2003:41 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | The semantics of evidentials are conveyed by word choice. | Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:15-18 | No description of evidentials given in source | ||
| Makuna | yes | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.47-52 | ||||
| Makushi | no | Carson 1982; Abbott 1991 | ||||
| Mapudungun | yes | Salas 1992, p.155, Zúñiga 2006 p. 155 | ||||
| Marrgany | no | 0 | ||||
| Martuthunira | no | 0 | ||||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 96 | 0 | |||
| Matses | yes | Fleck:327-426 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 0 | ||||
| Minica Witoto | no | Minor and Minor 1982. p.94 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no info | x | ||||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | yes | The reportive and quotative are clitics that take their own person marking. The inferential evidential is a second-position clitic. | Michael, 2008. p. 323-326 | |||
| Narungga | No | 74 | 0 | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 30 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 0 | ||||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No | 0 | ||||
| Ngiyambaa | yes | 275 | 1 | |||
| Nhanta | no info | x | ||||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011 | ||||
| Ninam | yes | Goodwin-Gomez, p.97 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | yes | Mortensen 1999:86-7 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no info | X | ||||
| Palikur | no info | no information on evidentials | Launey 2003 | |||
| Panyjima | yes | 208-209 | 1 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | yes | Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:101 | ||||
| Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
| Pemon | no info | de Armellada 1999 | ||||
| Piapoco | yes | Galindo, 2002: 172-178 | ||||
| Pintupi | no info | x | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | Y 8 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Puinave | yes | Giron 2008: p281 | ||||
| Páez | yes | Jung:75-87 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | yes | They can also attach to nouns | Parker 1965:88-97 | |||
| Resígaro | yes | There is one evidential, a reportive, which makes use of a verb affix. | Allin, 1976: 336 | |||
| Ritharrngu | No | 71 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | yes | Borgman 1990: 165, 170 | ||||
| Serrano | yes | |||||
| Shoshone | no | |||||
| Sikuani | no | no evidence of evidentials | Queixalós 1998, 2000 | |||
| Siona | no info | Wheeler 1987 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | yes | |||||
| Southern Ute | yes | |||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | yes | Strom 1992, p.90-91 | ||||
| Tariana | no | Aikhenvald, 2003: 289 | ||||
| Thanggati | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Tharrkari | No | 31 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no info | |||||
| Timbisha | no | |||||
| Tukano | yes | West and Welch 2004: 51-52; Ramirez 1997: 120 | ||||
| Uradhi | No | 363 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | yes | Olawsky:496 | ||||
| Wajarri | No | 96 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no info | X | ||||
| Waorani | yes | Peeke 1973:16-17 | ||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos 2006 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no info | 0 | ||||
| Warluwarra | no info | x | ||||
| Warnman | No | 45 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 52-9 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no info | x | ||||
| Warumungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Warungu | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Wathawurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | n/a | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800 | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | no info | x | ||||
| Western Mono | yes | |||||
| WesternTorres | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | No | 0 | ||||
| Woiwurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Worrorra | yes | ms15 | 1 | |||
| Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no | 0 | ||||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no info | x | ||||
| Yanesha' | no | Duff-Tripp 1997:120-4 | ||||
| Yanomami | yes | Ramirez 1994: 316-317 | ||||
| Yanyuwa | no info | x | ||||
| Yavitero | n/a | No evidentials | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 63-69 | |||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | yes | 129-136 | 1 | |||
| Yindjilindji | no info | x | ||||
| Yine | no | list of affixes does not mention evidentials | Matteson 1965:71-80 | |||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no info | x | ||||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | n/a | Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42 | ||||
| Yulparija | No | 35 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 74 | 0 |
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