Evidentiality: modal morpheme

Category
Verbal Categories - Evidentiality
Notes

Languages

Language Feature Status Grammatical Notes Source Etymology Notes General Notes Phylogenetic Code
Cahuilla no
Cupeño no
Luiseño no
Serrano no
Kitanemuk no
Kawaiisu yes
Timbisha yes
Western Mono no
Chemehuevi no
Southern Paiute no
Southern Ute no
Shoshone no
Comanche no
Idaho Shoshone no
Northern Paiute
Gabrielino no
Achagua n/a Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 91
Resígaro no The only evidential value uses an affix. Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212
Bare n/a Aikhenvald, 1995
Piapoco no Galindo, 2002: 172-178
Yukuna n/a Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42
Yavitero n/a Mosonyi, 1987: p. 63-69
Wapishana no Santos 2006
Wayuu n/a Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800
Tariana no Aikhenvald, 2003: 289
Apurinã no No evidential system discussed among verbal morphology or "bound formatives" (clitics). Facundes, 2000: 305-327, 379-410
Asheninka Apurucayali no Payne 1981; Payne 1982; Payne 1983
Maipure no Zamponi 2003:37-47
Yanesha' yes Duff-Tripp 1997:122
Kinikinau no info
Baure no info Danielsen 2007
Nanti no Michael, 2008. p. 323-326
Paresi no info Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010
Palikur no info no information on evidentials Launey 2003
Yine no info Matteson 1965
Añun no info no discussion of evidentiality Patte 1989
Bora no Seifart - 2005:72-73
Makiritare no The semantics of evidentials are conveyed by word choice. Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:15-18 No description of evidentials given in source
Makushi no Carson 1982; Abbott 1991
Eñepa no Payne 2012:349
Pemon no info de Armellada 1999
Guna no Smith texts
Naso no Quesada 2000
Ika no Frank 1985:60-104
Kogi no info
Cabecar no info
Guaymí no info
Damana no
Sikuani no no evidence of evidentials Queixalós 1998, 2000
Macaguan no info Buenaventura - 1993
Aguaruna no Overall 2007:471, 549
Northern Emberá no Mortensen 1999:86-7 Catío
Waorani no info
Ingá no Levinson 1978:25
Matses yes verbal word "say" Fleck:419
Mapudungun no Salas 1992, p.155, Zúñiga 2006 p. 155
Páez no Jung:75-87
Quechua Ayacuchano no Parker 1965:47-57, 88-97
Tikuna no info
Urarina no Olawsky:496
Waunana no info
Andoke no Landaburu 1979: 114-119, 194-195
Puinave no Giron 2008: p281-293
Central Aymara no Levin 2004: 7
Kakua no Bolaños fieldnotes
Kaingang no info Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011
Minica Witoto no Minor and Minor 1982. p.94
Hup no Epps 2008
Nadëb/Roçado dialect no Weir 1984
Dâw no syntactic position is flexible. Martins 2005:487
Desano no Miller 1999, p. 64
Cubeo no Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 32
Kotiria no Stenzel 2004, p. 345
Makuna no Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.47-52
Koreguaje no Cook & Criswell 1993, p.86-87
Barasano no Jones & Jones 1991, p.83
Tanimuca no Strom 1992, p.90-91
Siona no info Wheeler 1987
Tukano no West and Welch 2004: 51-52; Ramirez 1997: 120
Yanomami no Ramirez 1994: 316-317
Ninam yes Goodwin-Gomez, p.97
Sanumá no Borgman 1990: 165, 170
Surui no info
Karitiana no Everett 2006:281-4
Nheengatu no Cruz 2011
Paraguayan Guaraní no Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:101
Aché no info
Kokama no Vallejos 2010
Nyangumarta no 0
Jingulu no 0
Wambaya no 0
Bunuba no 0
Walmajarri no 0
Nyulnyul no 0
Warrwa no info x
Worrorra no ms15 0
Garrwa no info X
Gooniyandi yes 1
Warlpiri no info 0
Bardi no 0
Yugambeh
Yorta Yorta no info x
Yir Yoront
Yindjibarndi no 129-136 0
Yidiny no 0
Yanyuwa no info x
Yandruwandha no info x
Yan-nhangu
Yalarnnga no 0
Woiwurrung no info x
Wirangu No 0
Wemba-Wemba no info x
Warumungu no 0
Wangkumara no info X
Uradhi No 363 0
Paakantyi no info X
Pitta-Pitta N/A 0
Pintupi no info x
Nyungar no info x
Nhanta no info x
Ngiyambaa no 275-277 0
Ngayawang No 0
Muruwari no info x
Mpakwithi
Mayi-Yapi No 0
Martuthunira yes 167 1
Marrgany No 0
Kuuk Thaayorre No 66 0
Kuku Yalanji n/a 0
Kugu-Nganhcara No 0
Kaurna No 0
Kalkatungu n/a 0
Jaru n/a 0
Guugu-Yimidhirr N/A 0
Gureng Gureng no info x
Gupapuyngu
Gumbaynggirr no 0
Gugu-Badhun no info x
Yuwaalaraay No 74 0
Dyirbal No 0
Duungidjawu no 0
Djinang No 167 0
Djabugay
Diyari no info x
Dharuk
Dharawal no info x
Darkinyung no 0
Bularnu no 0
Biri no info x
Bidjara-Gungabula no info x
Batyala no info x
Arabana no 0
Alyawarr n/a 0
Nyikina no 0
Yawuru
Ngarinyin
Yulparija No 35 0
Wathawurrung no info x
Mathi-Mathi no 96 0
Hunter River and Lake Macquarie no 0
Thanggati n/a 0
Katthang no 0
Panyjima yes? 208-209 1
Ngarinyeri No 0
Kurrama no 0
Yingkarta no 0
Githabul No 23 0
Gunya No 326 0
Kunjen No 0
WesternTorres n/a 0
Wakaya no 0
Yindjilindji no info x
Bandjalang No 0
Ngaatjatjara No 30 0
Arrernte No 49 0
Kokatha No 28 0
Karajarri No 165 0
Pitjantjatjara No Y 8 0
Ritharrngu No 71 0
Warrgamay No 52-9 0
Warluwarra no info x
Warnman No 45 0
Djapu n/a 0
Bilinarra n/a 0
Wiradjuri no info x
Aghu-Tharnggala No 70 0
Narungga No 74 0
Tharrkari No 31 0
Wajarri No 96 0
Warungu n/a 0
Adnyamathanha
Yagua yes Payne and Payne 1990
Baniwa no Ramirez 2001