Cahuilla |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Cupeño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Luiseño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Serrano |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Kitanemuk |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Kawaiisu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
Timbisha |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
Western Mono |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Chemehuevi |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Southern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Southern Ute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Comanche |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Idaho Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gabrielino |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Achagua |
n/a |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 91 |
|
|
|
Resígaro |
no |
The only evidential value uses an affix. |
Allin, 1976: 105, 124, 204, 212 |
|
|
|
Bare |
n/a |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995 |
|
|
|
Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 172-178 |
|
|
|
Yukuna |
n/a |
|
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 42 |
|
|
|
Yavitero |
n/a |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 63-69 |
|
|
|
Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
Wayuu |
n/a |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 800 |
|
|
|
Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 289 |
|
|
|
Apurinã |
no |
No evidential system discussed among verbal morphology or "bound formatives" (clitics). |
Facundes, 2000: 305-327, 379-410 |
|
|
|
Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1981; Payne 1982; Payne 1983 |
|
|
|
Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:37-47 |
|
|
|
Yanesha' |
yes |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:122 |
|
|
|
Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Baure |
no info |
|
Danielsen 2007 |
|
|
|
Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 323-326 |
|
|
|
Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
Palikur |
no info |
no information on evidentials |
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
Yine |
no info |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
Añun |
no info |
no discussion of evidentiality |
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:72-73 |
|
|
|
Makiritare |
no |
The semantics of evidentials are conveyed by word choice. |
Hall 1988; Escoriaza 1959:15-18 |
|
No description of evidentials given in source |
|
Makushi |
no |
|
Carson 1982; Abbott 1991 |
|
|
|
Eñepa |
no |
|
Payne 2012:349 |
|
|
|
Pemon |
no info |
|
de Armellada 1999 |
|
|
|
Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1985:60-104 |
|
|
|
Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Guaymí |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Damana |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Sikuani |
no |
no evidence of evidentials |
Queixalós 1998, 2000 |
|
|
|
Macaguan |
no info |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:471, 549 |
|
|
|
Northern Emberá |
no |
|
Mortensen 1999:86-7 |
|
Catío |
|
Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Ingá |
no |
|
Levinson 1978:25 |
|
|
|
Matses |
yes |
verbal word "say" |
Fleck:419 |
|
|
|
Mapudungun |
no |
|
Salas 1992, p.155, Zúñiga 2006 p. 155 |
|
|
|
Páez |
no |
|
Jung:75-87 |
|
|
|
Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:47-57, 88-97 |
|
|
|
Tikuna |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Urarina |
no |
|
Olawsky:496 |
|
|
|
Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Andoke |
no |
|
Landaburu 1979: 114-119, 194-195 |
|
|
|
Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p281-293 |
|
|
|
Central Aymara |
no |
|
Levin 2004: 7 |
|
|
|
Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 |
|
|
|
Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.94 |
|
|
|
Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
Dâw |
no |
syntactic position is flexible. |
Martins 2005:487 |
|
|
|
Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 64 |
|
|
|
Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 32 |
|
|
|
Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 345 |
|
|
|
Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.47-52 |
|
|
|
Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.86-87 |
|
|
|
Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.83 |
|
|
|
Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.90-91 |
|
|
|
Siona |
no info |
|
Wheeler 1987 |
|
|
|
Tukano |
no |
|
West and Welch 2004: 51-52; Ramirez 1997: 120 |
|
|
|
Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994: 316-317 |
|
|
|
Ninam |
yes |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.97 |
|
|
|
Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990: 165, 170 |
|
|
|
Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:281-4 |
|
|
|
Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:101 |
|
|
|
Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010 |
|
|
|
Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Warrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Worrorra |
no |
|
ms15 |
|
|
0 |
Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
Gooniyandi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yorta Yorta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
129-136 |
|
|
0 |
Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Yandruwandha |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yalarnnga |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Woiwurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Wirangu |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Wemba-Wemba |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Warumungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
Uradhi |
No |
|
363 |
|
|
0 |
Paakantyi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
Pitta-Pitta |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Nhanta |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
275-277 |
|
|
0 |
Ngayawang |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Muruwari |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Martuthunira |
yes |
|
167 |
|
|
1 |
Marrgany |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
66 |
|
|
0 |
Kuku Yalanji |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Kaurna |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Kalkatungu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Jaru |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Guugu-Yimidhirr |
N/A |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Gugu-Badhun |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
Dyirbal |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Duungidjawu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Djinang |
No |
|
167 |
|
|
0 |
Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Diyari |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Darkinyung |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Bularnu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Biri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Arabana |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Alyawarr |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yulparija |
No |
|
35 |
|
|
0 |
Wathawurrung |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
96 |
|
|
0 |
Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Thanggati |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Katthang |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Panyjima |
yes? |
|
208-209 |
|
|
1 |
Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Kurrama |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Githabul |
No |
|
23 |
|
|
0 |
Gunya |
No |
|
326 |
|
|
0 |
Kunjen |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
WesternTorres |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Bandjalang |
No |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
Arrernte |
No |
|
49 |
|
|
0 |
Kokatha |
No |
|
28 |
|
|
0 |
Karajarri |
No |
|
165 |
|
|
0 |
Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
Y 8 |
|
|
0 |
Ritharrngu |
No |
|
71 |
|
|
0 |
Warrgamay |
No |
|
52-9 |
|
|
0 |
Warluwarra |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Warnman |
No |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
Djapu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Bilinarra |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
70 |
|
|
0 |
Narungga |
No |
|
74 |
|
|
0 |
Tharrkari |
No |
|
31 |
|
|
0 |
Wajarri |
No |
|
96 |
|
|
0 |
Warungu |
n/a |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yagua |
yes |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|