Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme

Category
Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing
Notes
Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal.

Languages

Language Feature Status Grammatical Notes Source Etymology Notes General Notes Phylogenetic Code
Cahuilla no
Cupeño no
Luiseño no
Serrano no
Kitanemuk no
Kawaiisu no
Timbisha no
Western Mono no
Chemehuevi no
Southern Paiute no
Southern Ute yes
Shoshone no
Comanche no
Idaho Shoshone
Northern Paiute no
Gabrielino no
Achagua no Not a morphological part of verb Wilson & Levinsohn 1992:115
Resígaro yes Allin, 1976: 127
Bare no Aikhenvald, 1995: 38
Piapoco no Galindo, 2002: 259-261
Yukuna yes Shauer 2000: 308, Shauer 1978:
Yavitero no Mosonyi, 1987: p. 68-69
Wapishana yes Santos 2006
Wayuu yes Unclear: there is a morpheme -ira which is identified as a “reciprocal.” No discussion of whether this can also be used for reflexives (or what is used for reflexives.
Tariana no Aikhenvald, 2003: 263-266
Apurinã yes Facundes, 2000: 327
Asheninka Apurucayali yes Payne 1982:57
Maipure no info Zamponi 2003
Yanesha' yes Duff-Tripp 1997:97
Kinikinau no info
Baure yes Danielsen 2007:244
Nanti yes Requires obligatory plural number marking. Michael, 2008. p. 278
Paresi yes Brandão 2010:30
Palikur yes Green and Green 1972:6
Yine no info Matteson 1965
Añun no info Patte 1989
Bora yes Seifart - 2005:59
Makiritare no Hall 1988: 173
Makushi no Abbott 1991: 37-38
Eñepa no info
Pemon no de Armellada 1999:40-265-6
Guna no there is reflexive/reciprocal particle Smith texts
Naso no reciprocal pronoun Quesada 2000
Ika yes This is the same verbal suffix used for the reciprocal Frank 1990:71
Kogi no info
Cabecar no info
Guaymí yes This seems to be an independent word Quesada 2008:71
Damana yes -i
Sikuani no No apparent reciprocal is used. de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000
Macaguan no Buenaventura - 1993
Aguaruna yes Overall 2007:313
Northern Emberá no info
Waorani no info
Ingá yes The same suffix is also used to mark reflexives Levinson 1987:12
Matses yes Fleck:349
Mapudungun no Salas 1992, p.129-30
Páez no info
Quechua Ayacuchano yes Parker 1965:75
Tikuna no info
Urarina yes Olawsky:607-9
Waunana no info
Andoke yes reciprocal/reflexive is a pronominal suffix -hə́ Landaburu 1979: 167 may actually be verbal, depends on status of Pn as proclitic or not
Puinave no The reciprocal construction follows the same strategy as the reflexive but it needs to be added an directional suffix Giron 2008: p366-367
Central Aymara no Deza Galindo 1992: 225, 226
Kakua no info Bolaños fieldnotes
Kaingang yes particle Goncalves 2011:290
Minica Witoto no Minor and Minor 1982. p.87, 102-103
Hup yes Epps 2008
Nadëb/Roçado dialect no Weir 1984
Dâw yes reciprocal pronoun. Precedes the verb root, and forms a single phonological word. Reciprocal is a pronoun Martins 2004
Desano yes Miller 1999, p. 119
Cubeo no Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 105
Kotiria yes Stenzel 2004, p. 239
Makuna yes Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.64
Koreguaje no Cook & Criswell 1993, p.69-80
Barasano no Jones & Jones 1991,p.107-111
Tanimuca yes Reciprocality may be overtly marked by -bua (reciprcal) following the verb root. Strom 1992, p.99 As with reflexives, some verbs are inherently reciprocal.
Siona no Wheeler - 1987:138-158
Tukano no info Ramirez 1997
Yanomami yes Ramirez 1994: 253
Ninam no no special form for reciprocal Goodwin-Gomez: 47
Sanumá yes Borgman 1990: 45
Surui yes Van der Meer (?):14
Karitiana no info
Nheengatu no Cruz 2011
Paraguayan Guaraní yes Ayala 1996:140-1
Aché no but there is a particle /pitʃa/ which marks reciprocality Rossler 2008:77
Kokama no Vallejos 2010:336
Nyangumarta no 0
Jingulu no 0
Wambaya no 0
Bunuba no 0
Walmajarri no 0
Nyulnyul no 0
Warrwa no 0
Worrorra no 105-6 0
Garrwa no 25 0
Gooniyandi no 0
Warlpiri no s163 0
Bardi no 0
Yugambeh
Yorta Yorta yes 88-89 1
Yir Yoront
Yindjibarndi no 90 0
Yidiny no 0
Yanyuwa no 123 0
Yandruwandha no 64-5 0
Yan-nhangu
Yalarnnga no 49-50 0
Woiwurrung yes 73 1
Wirangu No 109-110 0
Wemba-Wemba yes H 47 1
Warumungu No 43 0
Wangkumara yes 38 1
Uradhi Yes 375 1
Paakantyi yes 186 1
Pitta-Pitta No 206 0
Pintupi no 120 0
Nyungar no info x
Nhanta yes 109-110 1
Ngiyambaa yes 166 1
Ngayawang No 14 0
Muruwari yes 153 1
Mpakwithi
Mayi-Yapi No 68 0
Martuthunira no 152-154 0
Marrgany yes 322 1
Kuuk Thaayorre Yes 411 1
Kuku Yalanji yes 103 1
Kugu-Nganhcara yes 411 1
Kaurna No 10 0
Kalkatungu no 86 0
Jaru no 152-9 0
Guugu-Yimidhirr No 97 0
Gureng Gureng no info x
Gupapuyngu
Gumbaynggirr no 343 0
Gugu-Badhun yes 142 1
Yuwaalaraay Yes 82 1
Dyirbal yes 89 1
Duungidjawu yes 87 1
Djinang No 125 0
Djabugay
Diyari yes 74 1
Dharuk
Dharawal no 55 0
Darkinyung no 37 0
Bularnu no 101 0
Biri yes 43 1
Bidjara-Gungabula yes 38 1
Batyala no info x
Arabana yes 152-3 1
Alyawarr yes 57 1
Nyikina no 0
Yawuru
Ngarinyin
Yulparija No 30 0
Wathawurrung yes 80 1
Mathi-Mathi yes 99 1
Hunter River and Lake Macquarie yes 82 1
Thanggati no 52-3 0
Katthang no 83 0
Panyjima no 191 0
Ngarinyeri No 29 0
Kurrama no 144-5 0
Yingkarta yes 1
Githabul No 15 0
Gunya yes 330 1
Kunjen No 94 0
WesternTorres no info x
Wakaya no 0
Yindjilindji no 503 0
Bandjalang No 91 0
Ngaatjatjara No 61 0
Arrernte Yes 191 1
Kokatha no info x
Karajarri No 233 0
Pitjantjatjara No G 127 0
Ritharrngu No 61 0
Warrgamay Yes 74 1
Warluwarra no 867 0
Warnman No 37 0
Djapu no 76 0
Bilinarra no 5.2.4 0
Wiradjuri yes 17 1
Aghu-Tharnggala No 90 0
Narungga No info x
Tharrkari Yes 36 1
Wajarri No 108 0
Warungu yes 537 1
Adnyamathanha
Yagua no reflexive/reciprocal coreferential marker Payne and Payne 1990:271
Baniwa no Ramirez 2001