Reciprocal: dedicated morpheme
- Category
- Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Decreasing
- Notes
- Verb becomes reciprocal through use of reciprocal morpheme associated with the verb (may be attached to the verb root). This morpheme is only used to mean reciprocal.
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Not a morphological part of verb | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992:115 | |||
| Aché | no | but there is a particle /pitʃa/ which marks reciprocality | Rossler 2008:77 | |||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 90 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | yes | Overall 2007:313 | ||||
| Alyawarr | yes | 57 | 1 | |||
| Andoke | yes | reciprocal/reflexive is a pronominal suffix -hə́ | Landaburu 1979: 167 | may actually be verbal, depends on status of Pn as proclitic or not | ||
| Apurinã | yes | Facundes, 2000: 327 | ||||
| Arabana | yes | 152-3 | 1 | |||
| Arrernte | Yes | 191 | 1 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | yes | Payne 1982:57 | ||||
| Añun | no info | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | No | 91 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | no | Jones & Jones 1991,p.107-111 | ||||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | no | Aikhenvald, 1995: 38 | ||||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | yes | Danielsen 2007:244 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | yes | 38 | 1 | |||
| Bilinarra | no | 5.2.4 | 0 | |||
| Biri | yes | 43 | 1 | |||
| Bora | yes | Seifart - 2005:59 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 101 | 0 | |||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | no | |||||
| Central Aymara | no | Deza Galindo 1992: 225, 226 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | no | |||||
| Comanche | no | |||||
| Cubeo | no | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 105 | ||||
| Cupeño | no | |||||
| Damana | yes | -i | ||||
| Darkinyung | no | 37 | 0 | |||
| Desano | yes | Miller 1999, p. 119 | ||||
| Dharawal | no | 55 | 0 | |||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | yes | 74 | 1 | |||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no | 76 | 0 | |||
| Djinang | No | 125 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | yes | 87 | 1 | |||
| Dyirbal | yes | 89 | 1 | |||
| Dâw | yes | reciprocal pronoun. Precedes the verb root, and forms a single phonological word. Reciprocal is a pronoun | Martins 2004 | |||
| Eñepa | no info | |||||
| Gabrielino | no | |||||
| Garrwa | no | 25 | 0 | |||
| Githabul | No | 15 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | yes | This seems to be an independent word | Quesada 2008:71 | |||
| Gugu-Badhun | yes | 142 | 1 | |||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 343 | 0 | |||
| Guna | no | there is reflexive/reciprocal particle | Smith texts | |||
| Gunya | yes | 330 | 1 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 97 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | yes | 82 | 1 | |||
| Hup | yes | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | yes | This is the same verbal suffix used for the reciprocal | Frank 1990:71 | |||
| Ingá | yes | The same suffix is also used to mark reflexives | Levinson 1987:12 | |||
| Jaru | no | 152-9 | 0 | |||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | yes | particle | Goncalves 2011:290 | |||
| Kakua | no info | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no | 86 | 0 | |||
| Karajarri | No | 233 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no info | |||||
| Katthang | no | 83 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | No | 10 | 0 | |||
| Kawaiisu | no | |||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | no | |||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010:336 | ||||
| Kokatha | no info | x | ||||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.69-80 | ||||
| Kotiria | yes | Stenzel 2004, p. 239 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | yes | 411 | 1 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | yes | 103 | 1 | |||
| Kunjen | No | 94 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | no | 144-5 | 0 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | Yes | 411 | 1 | |||
| Luiseño | no | |||||
| Macaguan | no | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no info | Zamponi 2003 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Hall 1988: 173 | ||||
| Makuna | yes | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.64 | ||||
| Makushi | no | Abbott 1991: 37-38 | ||||
| Mapudungun | no | Salas 1992, p.129-30 | ||||
| Marrgany | yes | 322 | 1 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 152-154 | 0 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | yes | 99 | 1 | |||
| Matses | yes | Fleck:349 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 68 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | Minor and Minor 1982. p.87, 102-103 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | yes | 153 | 1 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | yes | Requires obligatory plural number marking. | Michael, 2008. p. 278 | |||
| Narungga | No info | x | ||||
| Naso | no | reciprocal pronoun | Quesada 2000 | |||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 61 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 29 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No | 14 | 0 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | yes | 166 | 1 | |||
| Nhanta | yes | 109-110 | 1 | |||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011 | ||||
| Ninam | no | no special form for reciprocal | Goodwin-Gomez: 47 | |||
| Northern Emberá | no info | |||||
| Northern Paiute | no | |||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | yes | 186 | 1 | |||
| Palikur | yes | Green and Green 1972:6 | ||||
| Panyjima | no | 191 | 0 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | yes | Ayala 1996:140-1 | ||||
| Paresi | yes | Brandão 2010:30 | ||||
| Pemon | no | de Armellada 1999:40-265-6 | ||||
| Piapoco | no | Galindo, 2002: 259-261 | ||||
| Pintupi | no | 120 | 0 | |||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | G 127 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 206 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | no | The reciprocal construction follows the same strategy as the reflexive but it needs to be added an directional suffix | Giron 2008: p366-367 | |||
| Páez | no info | |||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | yes | Parker 1965:75 | ||||
| Resígaro | yes | Allin, 1976: 127 | ||||
| Ritharrngu | No | 61 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | yes | Borgman 1990: 45 | ||||
| Serrano | no | |||||
| Shoshone | no | |||||
| Sikuani | no | No apparent reciprocal is used. | de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000 | |||
| Siona | no | Wheeler - 1987:138-158 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | no | |||||
| Southern Ute | yes | |||||
| Surui | yes | Van der Meer (?):14 | ||||
| Tanimuca | yes | Reciprocality may be overtly marked by -bua (reciprcal) following the verb root. | Strom 1992, p.99 | As with reflexives, some verbs are inherently reciprocal. | ||
| Tariana | no | Aikhenvald, 2003: 263-266 | ||||
| Thanggati | no | 52-3 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | Yes | 36 | 1 | |||
| Tikuna | no info | |||||
| Timbisha | no | |||||
| Tukano | no info | Ramirez 1997 | ||||
| Uradhi | Yes | 375 | 1 | |||
| Urarina | yes | Olawsky:607-9 | ||||
| Wajarri | No | 108 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | yes | 38 | 1 | |||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | yes | Santos 2006 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no | s163 | 0 | |||
| Warluwarra | no | 867 | 0 | |||
| Warnman | No | 37 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | Yes | 74 | 1 | |||
| Warrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Warumungu | No | 43 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | yes | 537 | 1 | |||
| Wathawurrung | yes | 80 | 1 | |||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | yes | Unclear: there is a morpheme -ira which is identified as a “reciprocal.” No discussion of whether this can also be used for reflexives (or what is used for reflexives. | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | yes | H 47 | 1 | |||
| Western Mono | no | |||||
| WesternTorres | no info | x | ||||
| Wiradjuri | yes | 17 | 1 | |||
| Wirangu | No | 109-110 | 0 | |||
| Woiwurrung | yes | 73 | 1 | |||
| Worrorra | no | 105-6 | 0 | |||
| Yagua | no | reflexive/reciprocal coreferential marker | Payne and Payne 1990:271 | |||
| Yalarnnga | no | 49-50 | 0 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no | 64-5 | 0 | |||
| Yanesha' | yes | Duff-Tripp 1997:97 | ||||
| Yanomami | yes | Ramirez 1994: 253 | ||||
| Yanyuwa | no | 123 | 0 | |||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 68-69 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no | 90 | 0 | |||
| Yindjilindji | no | 503 | 0 | |||
| Yine | no info | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | yes | 88-89 | 1 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | yes | Shauer 2000: 308, Shauer 1978: | ||||
| Yulparija | No | 30 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | Yes | 82 | 1 |
| Language |
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