Cahuilla |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Cupeño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Luiseño |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Serrano |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Kitanemuk |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Kawaiisu |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Timbisha |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Western Mono |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Chemehuevi |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Southern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Southern Ute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
Shoshone |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Comanche |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Northern Paiute |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Gabrielino |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
Achagua |
no |
Not a morphological part of verb |
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992:115 |
|
|
|
Resígaro |
yes |
|
Allin, 1976: 127 |
|
|
|
Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 38 |
|
|
|
Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 259-261 |
|
|
|
Yukuna |
yes |
|
Shauer 2000: 308, Shauer 1978: |
|
|
|
Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 68-69 |
|
|
|
Wapishana |
yes |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
Wayuu |
yes |
Unclear: there is a morpheme -ira which is identified as a “reciprocal.” No discussion of whether this can also be used for reflexives (or what is used for reflexives. |
|
|
|
|
Tariana |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 263-266 |
|
|
|
Apurinã |
yes |
|
Facundes, 2000: 327 |
|
|
|
Asheninka Apurucayali |
yes |
|
Payne 1982:57 |
|
|
|
Maipure |
no info |
|
Zamponi 2003 |
|
|
|
Yanesha' |
yes |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:97 |
|
|
|
Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Baure |
yes |
|
Danielsen 2007:244 |
|
|
|
Nanti |
yes |
Requires obligatory plural number marking. |
Michael, 2008. p. 278 |
|
|
|
Paresi |
yes |
|
Brandão 2010:30 |
|
|
|
Palikur |
yes |
|
Green and Green 1972:6 |
|
|
|
Yine |
no info |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
Añun |
no info |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:59 |
|
|
|
Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 173 |
|
|
|
Makushi |
no |
|
Abbott 1991: 37-38 |
|
|
|
Eñepa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999:40-265-6 |
|
|
|
Guna |
no |
there is reflexive/reciprocal particle |
Smith texts |
|
|
|
Naso |
no |
reciprocal pronoun |
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
Ika |
yes |
This is the same verbal suffix used for the reciprocal |
Frank 1990:71 |
|
|
|
Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Guaymí |
yes |
This seems to be an independent word |
Quesada 2008:71 |
|
|
|
Damana |
yes |
-i |
|
|
|
|
Sikuani |
no |
No apparent reciprocal is used. |
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000 |
|
|
|
Macaguan |
no |
|
Buenaventura - 1993 |
|
|
|
Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:313 |
|
|
|
Northern Emberá |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Waorani |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Ingá |
yes |
The same suffix is also used to mark reflexives |
Levinson 1987:12 |
|
|
|
Matses |
yes |
|
Fleck:349 |
|
|
|
Mapudungun |
no |
|
Salas 1992, p.129-30 |
|
|
|
Páez |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Quechua Ayacuchano |
yes |
|
Parker 1965:75 |
|
|
|
Tikuna |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Urarina |
yes |
|
Olawsky:607-9 |
|
|
|
Waunana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Andoke |
yes |
reciprocal/reflexive is a pronominal suffix -hə́ |
Landaburu 1979: 167 |
|
may actually be verbal, depends on status of Pn as proclitic or not |
|
Puinave |
no |
The reciprocal construction follows the same strategy as the reflexive but it needs to be added an directional suffix |
Giron 2008: p366-367 |
|
|
|
Central Aymara |
no |
|
Deza Galindo 1992: 225, 226 |
|
|
|
Kakua |
no info |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
Kaingang |
yes |
particle |
Goncalves 2011:290 |
|
|
|
Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.87, 102-103 |
|
|
|
Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
Dâw |
yes |
reciprocal pronoun. Precedes the verb root, and forms a single phonological word. Reciprocal is a pronoun |
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
Desano |
yes |
|
Miller 1999, p. 119 |
|
|
|
Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 105 |
|
|
|
Kotiria |
yes |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 239 |
|
|
|
Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.64 |
|
|
|
Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.69-80 |
|
|
|
Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991,p.107-111 |
|
|
|
Tanimuca |
yes |
Reciprocality may be overtly marked by -bua (reciprcal) following the verb root. |
Strom 1992, p.99 |
|
As with reflexives, some verbs are inherently reciprocal. |
|
Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1987:138-158 |
|
|
|
Tukano |
no info |
|
Ramirez 1997 |
|
|
|
Yanomami |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1994: 253 |
|
|
|
Ninam |
no |
no special form for reciprocal |
Goodwin-Gomez: 47 |
|
|
|
Sanumá |
yes |
|
Borgman 1990: 45 |
|
|
|
Surui |
yes |
|
Van der Meer (?):14 |
|
|
|
Karitiana |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
|
Ayala 1996:140-1 |
|
|
|
Aché |
no |
but there is a particle /pitʃa/ which marks reciprocality |
Rossler 2008:77 |
|
|
|
Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010:336 |
|
|
|
Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Worrorra |
no |
|
105-6 |
|
|
0 |
Garrwa |
no |
|
25 |
|
|
0 |
Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Warlpiri |
no |
|
s163 |
|
|
0 |
Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yorta Yorta |
yes |
|
88-89 |
|
|
1 |
Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
90 |
|
|
0 |
Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Yanyuwa |
no |
|
123 |
|
|
0 |
Yandruwandha |
no |
|
64-5 |
|
|
0 |
Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yalarnnga |
no |
|
49-50 |
|
|
0 |
Woiwurrung |
yes |
|
73 |
|
|
1 |
Wirangu |
No |
|
109-110 |
|
|
0 |
Wemba-Wemba |
yes |
|
H 47 |
|
|
1 |
Warumungu |
No |
|
43 |
|
|
0 |
Wangkumara |
yes |
|
38 |
|
|
1 |
Uradhi |
Yes |
|
375 |
|
|
1 |
Paakantyi |
yes |
|
186 |
|
|
1 |
Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
206 |
|
|
0 |
Pintupi |
no |
|
120 |
|
|
0 |
Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Nhanta |
yes |
|
109-110 |
|
|
1 |
Ngiyambaa |
yes |
|
166 |
|
|
1 |
Ngayawang |
No |
|
14 |
|
|
0 |
Muruwari |
yes |
|
153 |
|
|
1 |
Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
68 |
|
|
0 |
Martuthunira |
no |
|
152-154 |
|
|
0 |
Marrgany |
yes |
|
322 |
|
|
1 |
Kuuk Thaayorre |
Yes |
|
411 |
|
|
1 |
Kuku Yalanji |
yes |
|
103 |
|
|
1 |
Kugu-Nganhcara |
yes |
|
411 |
|
|
1 |
Kaurna |
No |
|
10 |
|
|
0 |
Kalkatungu |
no |
|
86 |
|
|
0 |
Jaru |
no |
|
152-9 |
|
|
0 |
Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
97 |
|
|
0 |
Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
343 |
|
|
0 |
Gugu-Badhun |
yes |
|
142 |
|
|
1 |
Yuwaalaraay |
Yes |
|
82 |
|
|
1 |
Dyirbal |
yes |
|
89 |
|
|
1 |
Duungidjawu |
yes |
|
87 |
|
|
1 |
Djinang |
No |
|
125 |
|
|
0 |
Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Diyari |
yes |
|
74 |
|
|
1 |
Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dharawal |
no |
|
55 |
|
|
0 |
Darkinyung |
no |
|
37 |
|
|
0 |
Bularnu |
no |
|
101 |
|
|
0 |
Biri |
yes |
|
43 |
|
|
1 |
Bidjara-Gungabula |
yes |
|
38 |
|
|
1 |
Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Arabana |
yes |
|
152-3 |
|
|
1 |
Alyawarr |
yes |
|
57 |
|
|
1 |
Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yulparija |
No |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
Wathawurrung |
yes |
|
80 |
|
|
1 |
Mathi-Mathi |
yes |
|
99 |
|
|
1 |
Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
yes |
|
82 |
|
|
1 |
Thanggati |
no |
|
52-3 |
|
|
0 |
Katthang |
no |
|
83 |
|
|
0 |
Panyjima |
no |
|
191 |
|
|
0 |
Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
29 |
|
|
0 |
Kurrama |
no |
|
144-5 |
|
|
0 |
Yingkarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
Githabul |
No |
|
15 |
|
|
0 |
Gunya |
yes |
|
330 |
|
|
1 |
Kunjen |
No |
|
94 |
|
|
0 |
WesternTorres |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
Yindjilindji |
no |
|
503 |
|
|
0 |
Bandjalang |
No |
|
91 |
|
|
0 |
Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
61 |
|
|
0 |
Arrernte |
Yes |
|
191 |
|
|
1 |
Kokatha |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Karajarri |
No |
|
233 |
|
|
0 |
Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 127 |
|
|
0 |
Ritharrngu |
No |
|
61 |
|
|
0 |
Warrgamay |
Yes |
|
74 |
|
|
1 |
Warluwarra |
no |
|
867 |
|
|
0 |
Warnman |
No |
|
37 |
|
|
0 |
Djapu |
no |
|
76 |
|
|
0 |
Bilinarra |
no |
|
5.2.4 |
|
|
0 |
Wiradjuri |
yes |
|
17 |
|
|
1 |
Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
90 |
|
|
0 |
Narungga |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
Tharrkari |
Yes |
|
36 |
|
|
1 |
Wajarri |
No |
|
108 |
|
|
0 |
Warungu |
yes |
|
537 |
|
|
1 |
Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yagua |
no |
reflexive/reciprocal coreferential marker |
Payne and Payne 1990:271 |
|
|
|
Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|