Pronominal subjects: pronouns in non-subject position
- Category
- Simple Clauses - Pronouns and person marking
- Notes
- Pronominal subjects are free pronouns but do not normally occur in the position expected for full NP subjects
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 23 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 67 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:214 | ||||
| Alyawarr | n/a | 129 | 0 | |||
| Andoke | no info | |||||
| Apurinã | no | Facundes, 2000: 464 | ||||
| Arabana | N/A | 0 | ||||
| Arrernte | No | 101 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Payne 1982:2324; Payne 1981:34 | ||||
| Añun | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | No | 106 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | no | Jones & Jones 1991, p.108 | The subject occurs before the verb when it is in special focus. | |||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | no | Aikhenvald, 1995: 22 | ||||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | no | Danielsen 2007:92-6 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no | 0 | ||||
| Bilinarra | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Biri | no | 23-7 | 0 | |||
| Bora | no | Seifart - 2005:52-54 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 87 | 0 | |||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | no | |||||
| Central Aymara | no | Huayhua Pari 2001: 202 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | no | |||||
| Comanche | no | |||||
| Cubeo | no | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 142 | ||||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | no | |||||
| Darkinyung | no | 28 | 0 | |||
| Desano | no | Miller 1999, p. 123 | ||||
| Dharawal | no info | 49-50 | x | |||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 0 | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no info | x | ||||
| Djinang | No | 136 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 52 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 291 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | no info | |||||
| Gabrielino | no | |||||
| Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
| Githabul | No | 42 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | no | Quesada 2008:68-72 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no | 0 | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 342 | 0 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | yes | 335 | 1 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 65 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 45 | 0 | |||
| Hup | no | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | no | Frank 1990:25 | ||||
| Ingá | no | Levinson 1974, 1976, 1976b. | ||||
| Jaru | no info | x | ||||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no | no person inflection | Goncalves 2011 | |||
| Kakua | no | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | yes? | cf 43 (3.37 and 8) | 1 | |||
| Karajarri | No | 227 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no | Everett 2006:343-57 | ||||
| Katthang | no | 63-65 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | No | 16 | 0 | |||
| Kawaiisu | yes | |||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | no | |||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010 | ||||
| Kokatha | No | 65 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.31-32 | ||||
| Kotiria | no | Stenzel 2004, p. 217 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 397 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 0 | ||||
| Kunjen | yes | 92 | 1 | |||
| Kurrama | no | 73-82 | 0 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 216 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | no | |||||
| Macaguan | no | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | yes | Zamponi 2003:21-37 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Hall 1988: 281 | ||||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.35-36 | ||||
| Makushi | no | Abbott 1991: 99 | ||||
| Mapudungun | no | Salas 1992, p.116; Zúñiga 2006, p. 96-9 | ||||
| Marrgany | yes | 335 | 1 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 100-109 | 0 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 0 | ||||
| Matses | no | Fleck:240 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 64 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | Minor and Minor 1982. p.78-80 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | no | Michael, 2008. p. 342-344 | ||||
| Narungga | No | 74 | 0 | |||
| Naso | yes | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 55 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 43 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No | 10 | 0 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | no | 120 on | 0 | |||
| Nhanta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011:133-134 | ||||
| Ninam | no | Goodwin-Gomez, p.47-51 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | no | Mortensen 1999:43 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | no | |||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no | 156, 159-160 | 0 | |||
| Palikur | no | Launey 2003:65 | ||||
| Panyjima | yes | 156-159 | 1 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Ayala 1996:28-9, 46-7 | ||||
| Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
| Pemon | no | de Armellada 1999:16-25 | ||||
| Piapoco | no | Galindo, 2002: 157-159 | ||||
| Pintupi | yes | 103 | 1 | |||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | Y 22 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 214 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | no | Giron 2008: p169, 206, 228 | ||||
| Páez | no | Jung:136-8 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no | Parker 1965:23-6 | ||||
| Resígaro | no | Allin, 1976: 176 | ||||
| Ritharrngu | No | 43 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no info | |||||
| Serrano | no | |||||
| Shoshone | no | |||||
| Sikuani | no | Queixalós 2000 | ||||
| Siona | no | Wheeler - 1970:141 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | no | |||||
| Southern Ute | no | |||||
| Surui | no | Van der Meer (?):7 | ||||
| Tanimuca | no | Strom 1992, p.115 | ||||
| Tariana | yes | Aikhenvald, 2003: 565 | ||||
| Thanggati | no | 81 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 16 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no | Montes 2005:133-135 | ||||
| Timbisha | no | |||||
| Tukano | no | Ramirez 1997 | no evidence for this | |||
| Uradhi | No | 352 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no | Olawsky:213 | ||||
| Wajarri | No | 77 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no info | x | ||||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | yes? | r26 | 1 | |||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos 2006 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no | 0 | ||||
| Warluwarra | no | 0 | ||||
| Warnman | No | 13 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 45 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Warumungu | No | 27 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | n/a | 370-1 | 0 | |||
| Wathawurrung | no | 74 | 0 | |||
| Waunana | no | |||||
| Wayuu | no | No distinction between pronominal subjects and subjects that are full NPs in the sentence structure given in Mansen and Captain (2000). | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 803 | |||
| Wemba-Wemba | yes | H 52 | 1 | |||
| Western Mono | no | |||||
| WesternTorres | n/a | 0 | ||||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | No | 71 | 0 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no | 73=74 | 0 | |||
| Worrorra | no info | X | ||||
| Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990:361 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no | 0 | ||||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | n/a | 47 | 0 | |||
| Yanesha' | yes | Pronouns usually occur before the verb whereas nouns occur after the verb | Duff-Tripp 1997:158 | |||
| Yanomami | no | Ramirez 1994 | ||||
| Yanyuwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Yavitero | yes | Free pronouns are used for emphasis. They precede the verb, while full NP subjects follow the verb. | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 61-62 | |||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | not done yet | X | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjilindji | no info | x | ||||
| Yine | no | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 104 | 0 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no | There are "complete pronouns" in addition to verbal prefixes, but no examples or indication of their uses. However, no differences between NP subjects with full pronouns and NP subjects with nouns | Shauer & Shauer, 1978: 18 | |||
| Yulparija | No | 30 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 51 | 0 |
| Language |
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