Formal/informal distinction in pronouns
- Category
- Nominal Categories - Pronominal categories
- Notes
- Polite pronominal variants or differential avoidance of pronouns
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 23 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 62 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:154 | ||||
| Alyawarr | no | 92 | 0 | |||
| Andoke | yes | kə̃ (2pl) can also be used with females of child-bearing age, not older, not younger - possibly encodes the possibility that the woman in question is pregnant (mother + fetus = plural in some respect?) | Landaburu 1979: 150 | |||
| Apurinã | no | Facundes, 2000: 345-346 | ||||
| Arabana | no | 117-8 | 0 | |||
| Arrernte | Yes | 101 | 1 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Payne 1981:34; Payne 1983:9192 | ||||
| Añun | no | Patte 1989:55 | ||||
| Bandjalang | No | 78 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | no | Jones & Jones 1991, p.31 | ||||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | no | Aikhenvald, 1995: 22 | ||||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | no info | more likely not | Danielsen 2007 | |||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no | 83 | 0 | |||
| Bilinarra | no | 5.1.1 | 0 | |||
| Biri | no info | x | ||||
| Bora | no | Seifart - 2005: 52-55 | ||||
| Bularnu | no info | 50 | x | |||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | no | Bourland 1976:56 | ||||
| Cahuilla | no | |||||
| Central Aymara | no | Huayhua Pari 2001: 202 to 204 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | no | |||||
| Comanche | no | |||||
| Cubeo | no | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 80 | ||||
| Cupeño | no | |||||
| Damana | no | no pronoun that states formality, but honorifics may be present | ||||
| Darkinyung | no | 28-29 | 0 | |||
| Desano | no | Miller 1999, p. 30 | ||||
| Dharawal | no info | 49-52 | x | |||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 0 | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no | 52 | 0 | |||
| Djinang | No | 33 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 51 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 50 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004 | ||||
| Eñepa | no | Tosantos 1977:19-20 | ||||
| Gabrielino | no | |||||
| Garrwa | no | fpro1 | 0 | |||
| Githabul | No | 15 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | no | Quesada 2008:69 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no | 0 | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 283 | 0 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | No | 304 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 66 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 40 | 0 | |||
| Hup | no | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | no | |||||
| Ika | no | Frank 1985:34 | ||||
| Ingá | no | Levinson 1978:6 | ||||
| Jaru | no | 215 | 0 | |||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | Goncalves 2011:12 | ||||
| Kakua | no | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Karajarri | No | 30 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no | Everett 2006:300-4 | ||||
| Katthang | no | 64 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | No | 7-8 | 0 | |||
| Kawaiisu | no | |||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | no | |||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010:201-213 | ||||
| Kokatha | No | 48 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993 31-33 | ||||
| Kotiria | no | Stenzel 2004, p. 161 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 397 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 74 | 0 | |||
| Kunjen | No | 87 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | no info | x | ||||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 87 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | no | |||||
| Macaguan | no | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003:21 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Hall 1988: 282 | ||||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.36 | ||||
| Makushi | no | Abbott 1991: 99 | ||||
| Mapudungun | no | Zúñiga 2006, p. 96-7 | ||||
| Marrgany | No | 303 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 279 | 0 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 90 | 0 | |||
| Matses | no | Fleck:241 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 53-54 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | no distinction between familiar and formal | Minor and Minor 1982. p.10 | |||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no | 90 | 0 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | no | Michael, 2008. p. 348 | ||||
| Narungga | No | 58 | 0 | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 52 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 23 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No | 10 | 0 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | no | 123, 126 | 0 | |||
| Nhanta | no info | x | ||||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011:141 - 145 | ||||
| Ninam | no | Goodwin-Gomez, p.50-51 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | no | Mortensen 1999:42-3 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | no | |||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no | d51 | 0 | |||
| Paakantyi | no | 0 | ||||
| Palikur | no | Launey 2003:65 | ||||
| Panyjima | no | 214-215 | 0 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Ayala 1996:28 | ||||
| Paresi | no | Rowan 1978:xiii | ||||
| Pemon | no | de Armellada 1999: 12 | ||||
| Piapoco | no | Galindo, 2002: 184 | ||||
| Pintupi | no info | x | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | Y 18 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 194 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | no info | |||||
| Páez | no info | |||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no | Perroud 1972:37-8 | ||||
| Resígaro | no | Allin, 1976: 176-177 | ||||
| Ritharrngu | No | 44 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no | Borgman 1990: p.150 | ||||
| Serrano | no | |||||
| Shoshone | no | |||||
| Sikuani | no | de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985; Queixalós - 2000 | ||||
| Siona | no | There is a way to achieve politeness, however, by using the an indicative mood instead of general imperative. | Wheeler - 1970:141-142, 157 | |||
| Southern Paiute | no | |||||
| Southern Ute | no | |||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | no | Strom 1992, p.34 | ||||
| Tariana | no | Aikhenvald, 2003: 177 | ||||
| Thanggati | no | 23 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 16 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no | Montes 2004b:88-89 | ||||
| Timbisha | no | |||||
| Tukano | no | West and Welch 2004: 19-20 | ||||
| Uradhi | No | 354 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no | Olawsky:213 | ||||
| Wajarri | No | 71 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no info | x | ||||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no | r4-6 | 0 | |||
| Waorani | yes | Peeke 1973:128 | There is a "honorific" form of pronouns but it seems that they do not distinguish number | |||
| Wapishana | no | Santos, 2006: 185 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no | BS151 | 0 | |||
| Warluwarra | no info | x | ||||
| Warnman | No | 33 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 41 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Warumungu | No | 28-29 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | no | 174-5 | 0 | |||
| Wathawurrung | no | 75 | 0 | |||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | no | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 798 | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 37-8 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | no | |||||
| WesternTorres | no | FO 136 | 0 | |||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | yes | 79 | 1 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no | 70 | 0 | |||
| Worrorra | no | ms7.2 | 0 | |||
| Yagua | no info | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no | 16 | 0 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no | 0 | ||||
| Yanesha' | no | Duff-Tripp 1997:61-8 | ||||
| Yanomami | no | Ramirez 1994: 209-210 | no mention of polite pronouns | |||
| Yanyuwa | no info | x | ||||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 41, 48 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no | 72 | 0 | |||
| Yindjilindji | no info | x | ||||
| Yine | no | Matteson 1965:106 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 73 | 0 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no | Shauer & Shauer 2000: p. 518 | ||||
| Yulparija | No | 29 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 47 | 0 |
| Language |
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