Negatives: affix
- Category
- Simple Clauses - Negation
- Notes
- Negatives: affix
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 131 | ||||
| Aché | yes | It is a verbal suffix | Rossler 2008:89 | |||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 50 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | yes | Overall 2007:324-6 | The first suffix occurs in present and remote past tenses whereas the second occurs elsewhere | |||
| Alyawarr | yes | 56 | 1 | |||
| Andoke | no | Landaburu 1979: 100 | ||||
| Apurinã | yes | Facundes, 2000: 530-533 | ||||
| Arabana | yes | 94 | 1 | |||
| Arrernte | Yes | 175 | 1 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Payne 1982:19 | ||||
| Añun | yes | Patte 1989:100 | ||||
| Bandjalang | No | 139 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | yes | ma- | Ramirez 2001 | |||
| Barasano | yes | Jones & Jones 1991, p.125 | ||||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | yes | verbal suffix | Aikhenvald, 1995: 33 | |||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | yes | mo- as a privative prefix | Danielsen 2007: p338 | |||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no | 0 | ||||
| Bilinarra | yes | 4.4.1.2 | 1 | |||
| Biri | no | 56-7 | 0 | |||
| Bora | yes | Seifart - 2005:72; Thiesen - 1996:70 | ||||
| Bularnu | yes | 100 | 1 | |||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | yes | Huayhua Pari 2001: 277 | /-thi/ is the negative suffix | |||
| Chemehuevi | yes | |||||
| Comanche | ||||||
| Cubeo | yes | turns dynamic verb into stative verb stem also | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 30 | |||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | yes | It is a verbal suffix | Williams 1993:90 | |||
| Darkinyung | no | 46 | 0 | |||
| Desano | yes | Miller 1999, p. 7 | ||||
| Dharawal | yes | 58 | 1 | |||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 0 | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | yes | 106 | 1 | |||
| Djinang | No | 146 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 110-111 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 117-8 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | yes | derived from the verb mɛ̃h, 'not.exist/not.have' | Martins 2004 | |||
| Eñepa | yes | Payne2012:353 | ||||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
| Githabul | No | 30 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | no | Quesada 2008:63-8 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no | 0 | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | yes | 335 | 1 | |||
| Guna | yes | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | No | 343 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | yes | 80 | 1 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | yes | 79, 89-91 | 1 | |||
| Hup | yes | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | yes | This is a verbal suffix | Frank 1990:6 | |||
| Ingá | yes | Levinson 1974:39-40 | ||||
| Jaru | yes | 225 | 1 | |||
| Jingulu | yes | 1 | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | yes | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | yes | 78 | 1 | |||
| Karajarri | No | 348 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | yes | Everett 2006:328-9 | ||||
| Katthang | yes | 90 | 1 | |||
| Kaurna | yes | 17 | 1 | |||
| Kawaiisu | ||||||
| Kinikinau | no | Souza 2008:96-9 | ||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | yes | The verbal suffix is represented as zha but there is no clue of what its phonological represenation might be. However, it isn ot clear in the source but it seems that negation is encoded along with tense in a portmanteau suffix. | Stendal 1976.16 | |||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010:531 | ||||
| Kokatha | Yes | 36 | 1 | |||
| Koreguaje | yes | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.61-62 | ||||
| Kotiria | yes | clitic | Stenzel 2004, p. 315 | |||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 436 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 0 | ||||
| Kunjen | No | 101-103 | 0 | |||
| Kurrama | yes | 41, 174-175 | 1 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 124 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | ||||||
| Macaguan | yes | Buenaventura - 1993:48 | ||||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003:38 | ||||
| Makiritare | yes | Hall 1988: 345 | ||||
| Makuna | yes | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.60 | shortened versions also used (-be/bi) | |||
| Makushi | no | Abbott 1991: 55 | ||||
| Mapudungun | yes | Zúñiga 2006, 110 | ||||
| Marrgany | No | 343 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 88-90 | 0 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 103 | 0 | |||
| Matses | yes | Fleck:1063 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 68 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | yes | Minor and Minor 1982. p.16 | occurs with verbs | |||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | yes | 77 | 1 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | yes | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | no | |||||
| Narungga | No | 57 | 0 | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | yes | 98 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | yes | 42 | 1 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No | 14 | 0 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | no | 239 | 0 | |||
| Nhanta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011 | ||||
| Ninam | no | Goodwin-Gomez, p.102 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | yes | Mortensen 1999:98 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | yes | 1 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no | 228 | 0 | |||
| Palikur | no | Green and Green 1972:42-3 | ||||
| Panyjima | no | 0 | ||||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Ayala 1996:42-3 | ||||
| Paresi | yes | Brandão 2010:51-2 | ||||
| Pemon | no | de Armellada 1999: 237, 238 | ||||
| Piapoco | no | Galindo, 2002: 204 | ||||
| Pintupi | yes | 78 | 1 | |||
| Pitjantjatjara | Yes | G 245 | 1 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 205 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | no | Giron 2008: p293 | ||||
| Páez | yes | Jung:193 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no | Parker 1965:22 | ||||
| Resígaro | no | Allin, 1976: 302-303 | ||||
| Ritharrngu | Yes | 101 | 1 | |||
| Sanumá | no | Borgman 1990: 82 | ||||
| Serrano | ||||||
| Shoshone | ||||||
| Sikuani | yes | de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:67; Queixalós - 2000:14, 25 | ||||
| Siona | yes | Wheeler - 1987:151 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | ||||||
| Southern Ute | ||||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | yes | Sentence negation is expressed by the verbal suffix -be which immegiately follows the verb root | Strom 1992, p.145 | |||
| Tariana | yes | Aikhenvald, 2003: 400 | ||||
| Thanggati | yes | 51, 78 | 1 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 51 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | yes | Verbal suffix. Based on examples | Montes 2004b:75 | |||
| Timbisha | ||||||
| Tukano | yes | West and Welch 2004: 23, 116; Ramirez 1997: 151-154 | ||||
| Uradhi | No | 381 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | yes | Olawsky:552-5 | ||||
| Wajarri | No | 132 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no | 109 | 0 | |||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | yes | 27 | 1 | |||
| Waorani | yes | Peeke 1991:19 | ||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos 2006 | ||||
| Warlpiri | yes | s58, n24 | 1 | |||
| Warluwarra | no | 873 | 0 | |||
| Warnman | No | 54 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 82 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Warumungu | no | 57 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | yes | 222, 285, 319 | 1 | |||
| Wathawurrung | no | 81 | 0 | |||
| Waunana | yes | It is a verbal suffix | Loewen 1954:53 | |||
| Wayuu | no | Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 804 | ||||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 56 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | ||||||
| WesternTorres | yes | FO 127, K85c 91 | 1 | |||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | yes | 141-2 | 1 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no | 75, 77 | 0 | |||
| Worrorra | no | 64 | 0 | |||
| Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | yes | 34 | 1 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | yes | 116-7 | 1 | |||
| Yanesha' | yes | Duff-Tripp 1997:179-81 | ||||
| Yanomami | yes | Ramirez 1994: 313-314 | ||||
| Yanyuwa | yes | 135 | 1 | |||
| Yavitero | no | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 64 | ||||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | yes | 157 | 1 | |||
| Yindjilindji | no info | x | ||||
| Yine | no info | no discussion of negation | Matteson 1965 | |||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | yes | 88 | 1 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | yes | Proclitic and enclitic negation, sometimes both are used. | Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 523, Shauer 1978: 39 | |||
| Yulparija | Yes | 45 | 1 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 107 | 0 |
| Language |
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