| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 131 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
|
Allin, 1976: 302-303 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
verbal suffix |
Aikhenvald, 1995: 33 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 204 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
Proclitic and enclitic negation, sometimes both are used. |
Shauer & Shauer, 2000: p. 523, Shauer 1978: 39 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 64 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 804 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 400 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
yes |
|
Facundes, 2000: 530-533 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1982:19 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:38 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:179-81 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no |
|
Souza 2008:96-9 |
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
mo- as a privative prefix |
Danielsen 2007: p338 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
|
Brandão 2010:51-2 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Green and Green 1972:42-3 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
no discussion of negation |
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
yes |
|
Patte 1989:100 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
|
Seifart - 2005:72; Thiesen - 1996:70 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
yes |
|
Hall 1988: 345 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Abbott 1991: 55 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
|
Payne2012:353 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999: 237, 238 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
yes |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
yes |
This is a verbal suffix |
Frank 1990:6 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
yes |
The verbal suffix is represented as zha but there is no clue of what its phonological represenation might be. However, it isn ot clear in the source but it seems that negation is encoded along with tense in a portmanteau suffix. |
Stendal 1976.16 |
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:63-8 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
yes |
It is a verbal suffix |
Williams 1993:90 |
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
yes |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:67; Queixalós - 2000:14, 25 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
yes |
|
Buenaventura - 1993:48 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:324-6 |
|
The first suffix occurs in present and remote past tenses whereas the second occurs elsewhere |
|
| Northern Emberá |
yes |
|
Mortensen 1999:98 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
yes |
|
Peeke 1991:19 |
|
|
|
| Ingá |
yes |
|
Levinson 1974:39-40 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
|
Fleck:1063 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
yes |
|
Zúñiga 2006, 110 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
yes |
|
Jung:193 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:22 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
yes |
Verbal suffix. Based on examples |
Montes 2004b:75 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
|
Olawsky:552-5 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
It is a verbal suffix |
Loewen 1954:53 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no |
|
Landaburu 1979: 100 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p293 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 277 |
|
/-thi/ is the negative suffix |
|
| Kakua |
yes |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
yes |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.16 |
|
occurs with verbs |
|
| Hup |
yes |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
yes |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
yes |
derived from the verb mɛ̃h, 'not.exist/not.have' |
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
|
Miller 1999, p. 7 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
turns dynamic verb into stative verb stem also |
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 30 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
yes |
clitic |
Stenzel 2004, p. 315 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
yes |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.60 |
|
shortened versions also used (-be/bi) |
|
| Koreguaje |
yes |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.61-62 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
yes |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.125 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
Sentence negation is expressed by the verbal suffix -be which immegiately follows the verb root |
Strom 1992, p.145 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
yes |
|
Wheeler - 1987:151 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
yes |
|
West and Welch 2004: 23, 116; Ramirez 1997: 151-154 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
yes |
|
Ramirez 1994: 313-314 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.102 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Borgman 1990: 82 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
yes |
|
Everett 2006:328-9 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
no |
|
Ayala 1996:42-3 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
yes |
It is a verbal suffix |
Rossler 2008:89 |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010:531 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Jingulu |
yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
64 |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
yes |
|
s58, n24 |
|
|
1 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
yes |
|
88 |
|
|
1 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
yes |
|
157 |
|
|
1 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
yes |
|
135 |
|
|
1 |
| Yandruwandha |
yes |
|
116-7 |
|
|
1 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
yes |
|
34 |
|
|
1 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
75, 77 |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
yes |
|
141-2 |
|
|
1 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 56 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
no |
|
57 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
yes |
|
27 |
|
|
1 |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
381 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
228 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
205 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
yes |
|
78 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
239 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
14 |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
yes |
|
77 |
|
|
1 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
68 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
88-90 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
343 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
124 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
436 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
yes |
|
17 |
|
|
1 |
| Kalkatungu |
yes |
|
78 |
|
|
1 |
| Jaru |
yes |
|
225 |
|
|
1 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
yes |
|
80 |
|
|
1 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
yes |
|
335 |
|
|
1 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
107 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
117-8 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
110-111 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
146 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
yes |
|
58 |
|
|
1 |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
46 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
yes |
|
100 |
|
|
1 |
| Biri |
no |
|
56-7 |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
yes |
|
94 |
|
|
1 |
| Alyawarr |
yes |
|
56 |
|
|
1 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
Yes |
|
45 |
|
|
1 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
81 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
103 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
yes |
|
79, 89-91 |
|
|
1 |
| Thanggati |
yes |
|
51, 78 |
|
|
1 |
| Katthang |
yes |
|
90 |
|
|
1 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
yes |
|
42 |
|
|
1 |
| Kurrama |
yes |
|
41, 174-175 |
|
|
1 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
343 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
101-103 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
yes |
|
FO 127, K85c 91 |
|
|
1 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
109 |
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
139 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
yes |
|
98 |
|
|
1 |
| Arrernte |
Yes |
|
175 |
|
|
1 |
| Kokatha |
Yes |
|
36 |
|
|
1 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
348 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
Yes |
|
G 245 |
|
|
1 |
| Ritharrngu |
Yes |
|
101 |
|
|
1 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
82 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
873 |
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
54 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
yes |
|
106 |
|
|
1 |
| Bilinarra |
yes |
|
4.4.1.2 |
|
|
1 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
50 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
57 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
132 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
yes |
|
222, 285, 319 |
|
|
1 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
yes |
ma- |
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
