| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 16 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
not discussed as a suprasegmental feature |
Allin, 1976, p. 72 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 9 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
yes |
|
Sudo, 1976 p. 9 and Galindo, 1992, p. 59 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
|
Shauer and Shauer, 1972, p. 10-11 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
yes |
The intensity accent has "phonemic power. |
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 30 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos, 2006:32 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
yes |
Pitch-accent, but stress is described as 'phonemic.' |
Mansen, 1967: p. 56 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald 2003: 37 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
|
Facundes, 2000: 93 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1980:710 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
yes |
|
Zamponi 2003:17 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
However, the author acknowledges not having found any minimal pair differantiated by stress |
Fast 1953:194 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
no |
|
Danielsen 2007: p64 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 231-236 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
no info |
|
Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
no |
|
Launey 2003 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no |
|
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
no |
|
Seifart - 2005:32-46 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 214-260 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
|
Abbott 1991: 140-148 |
|
|
|
| Eñepa |
yes |
certain verb forms have grammatical stress |
Payne 2012:46 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
Pessoa 2005 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1985:14 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
yes |
|
Quesada 2008:37 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no info |
stress does play a role in the language, but not noted so far whether or not it's contrastive--appears that stress is penultimate |
|
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
yes |
|
Buenaventura - 1993:27 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
yes |
|
Overall 2007:96-9 |
|
However, it seems that stress assignment is different for nouns/andjectives and verbs |
|
| Northern Emberá |
no |
Mortensen shows some minimal pairs differentiated by stress though (1999:7) |
Aguirre 1999:19-20; Mortensen 1999:5 |
|
Chamí |
|
| Waorani |
yes |
|
Saint and Pike 1962:24 |
|
|
|
| Ingá |
yes |
Stress is highly predicatable though |
Levinson 1976:29 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
yes |
|
Fleck:97 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Salas 1992, p.83 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
yes |
|
Jung 2000:140-3 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no info |
More likely not. However, the author says that stress can go either in the last or penultimate syllable |
Parker 1965:12 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Urarina |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Waunana |
yes |
Binder et all (1995:173) suggest that stress is not contrastive |
Loewen 1954:17 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no |
|
Landaburu 1979, p.28-61 |
|
no indication that they have them in description |
|
| Puinave |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
no |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 94 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
don't know the answer for this yet |
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
stress placement is determined by set of rules |
Minor and Minor 1982. p.6 |
Words are accented as they are in Spanish. |
is predictable |
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
stress falls always on the last syll |
Barbosa 2005:49 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004:13-15 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
yes |
The stressed syllable has high pitch. All others have mid or low. |
Miller 1999, p. 9,15 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
yes |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 6 |
|
ku'jɑwɨ - 'kujɑwɨ |
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2007 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no info |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993 |
|
|
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Gralow & Cook 1984, p.3-4. Cook & Criswell 1993, p.10 |
|
Cook source explicitly states that there is no contrastive stress (but does suggest Gralow for further reading on tone/stress) |
|
| Barasano |
yes |
Stress is phonemic on the word level, with one primary stress per word. |
Jones & Jones 1991, p.10 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
yes |
Stress is phonemic |
Strom 1992, p.13 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
yes |
It is analyzed as phonemic because of the conditioning effect it has on adjacent vowels and the selection of certain allomorphs of stem inflection |
Wheeler - 1970:20 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
West and Welch 2004 |
|
no evidence for this |
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Migliazza 1972: p.203 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Migliazza 1972: p.161 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
|
Migliazza 1972: p. 38-39 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
yes |
|
Bontkes and Bontkes 2009:11 |
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:107-24 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
yes |
found an example on page 378 (itá - rock, ita - PL particle) |
Cruz 2011:378 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
|
Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:25 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no |
stress is assigned to the las syllable of the word |
Rossler 2008:62 |
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
2-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no |
|
n99 |
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
52-3 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
41-44 |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
31 |
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
11, 12 |
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
62 |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
35 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 21-22 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
16 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no |
|
5 |
|
|
0 |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
322 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
191 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no |
|
41-42 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyungar |
no |
|
d34 |
|
|
0 |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
93-94 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
No |
|
41 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
39 |
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
25 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
43-47 |
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
295 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
66 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
35 |
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
384 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
16-7b |
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
47 |
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
41 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
xx |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
67 |
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
2 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
274 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
22 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
3 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
14 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
9 |
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
13 |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
35 |
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
17 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
67 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
67 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
25 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
7 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
27 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
134-135 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Kurrama |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
2 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
295 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
K81 127-8 |
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
21 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
8 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
76 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
25 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
66 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 27 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
9 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
20 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
11 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no |
|
25 |
|
|
0 |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
1.1000000000000000888 |
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
36 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
39 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
5 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
31 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
1 |
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990:432 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001:86 |
|
|
|
