Contrastive stress
- Category
- Phonology - Suprasegmental
- Notes
- Does stress occur on different syllables with meaning difference?
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | no | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 16 | ||||
| Aché | no | stress is assigned to the las syllable of the word | Rossler 2008:62 | |||
| Adnyamathanha | no | 0 | ||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 36 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | yes | Overall 2007:96-9 | However, it seems that stress assignment is different for nouns/andjectives and verbs | |||
| Alyawarr | no | 35 | 0 | |||
| Andoke | no | Landaburu 1979, p.28-61 | no indication that they have them in description | |||
| Apurinã | no | Facundes, 2000: 93 | ||||
| Arabana | no | 0 | ||||
| Arrernte | No | 76 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Payne 1980:710 | ||||
| Añun | no | Patte 1989 | ||||
| Bandjalang | No | 21 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001:86 | ||||
| Barasano | yes | Stress is phonemic on the word level, with one primary stress per word. | Jones & Jones 1991, p.10 | |||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | yes | Aikhenvald, 1995: 9 | ||||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | no | Danielsen 2007: p64 | ||||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no info | x | ||||
| Bilinarra | no | 1.1000000000000000888 | 0 | |||
| Biri | no | 13 | 0 | |||
| Bora | no | Seifart - 2005:32-46 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 9 | 0 | |||
| Bunuba | no | 0 | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | no | Huayhua Pari 2001: 94 | ||||
| Chemehuevi | ||||||
| Comanche | ||||||
| Cubeo | yes | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 6 | ku'jɑwɨ - 'kujɑwɨ | |||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | no info | stress does play a role in the language, but not noted so far whether or not it's contrastive--appears that stress is penultimate | ||||
| Darkinyung | no | 14 | 0 | |||
| Desano | yes | The stressed syllable has high pitch. All others have mid or low. | Miller 1999, p. 9,15 | |||
| Dharawal | no info | x | ||||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 30 | 0 | |||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no | 25 | 0 | |||
| Djinang | No | 3 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 22 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 274 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | no | Martins 2004:13-15 | ||||
| Eñepa | yes | certain verb forms have grammatical stress | Payne 2012:46 | |||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
| Githabul | No | 2 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | no | 0 | ||||
| Guaymí | yes | Quesada 2008:37 | ||||
| Gugu-Badhun | no | 67 | 0 | |||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | xx | 0 | |||
| Guna | no | Smith | ||||
| Gunya | No | 295 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 41 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 25 | 0 | |||
| Hup | no | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | no | Frank 1985:14 | ||||
| Ingá | yes | Stress is highly predicatable though | Levinson 1976:29 | |||
| Jaru | no | 47 | 0 | |||
| Jingulu | no | 0 | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | |||||
| Kakua | no | Bolaños fieldnotes | don't know the answer for this yet | |||
| Kalkatungu | no | 16-7b | 0 | |||
| Karajarri | No | 66 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | no | Everett 2006:107-24 | ||||
| Katthang | no | 27 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | No info | x | ||||
| Kawaiisu | ||||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010 | ||||
| Kokatha | No | 25 | 0 | |||
| Koreguaje | no | Gralow & Cook 1984, p.3-4. Cook & Criswell 1993, p.10 | Cook source explicitly states that there is no contrastive stress (but does suggest Gralow for further reading on tone/stress) | |||
| Kotiria | no | Stenzel 2007 | ||||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 384 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 35 | 0 | |||
| Kunjen | No info | x | ||||
| Kurrama | no info | x | ||||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 66 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | ||||||
| Macaguan | yes | Buenaventura - 1993:27 | ||||
| Maipure | yes | Zamponi 2003:17 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Hall 1988: 214-260 | ||||
| Makuna | no info | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993 | ||||
| Makushi | no | Abbott 1991: 140-148 | ||||
| Mapudungun | no | Salas 1992, p.83 | ||||
| Marrgany | No | 295 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 43-47 | 0 | |||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 67 | 0 | |||
| Matses | yes | Fleck:97 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No | 25 | 0 | |||
| Minica Witoto | no | stress placement is determined by set of rules | Minor and Minor 1982. p.6 | Words are accented as they are in Spanish. | is predictable | |
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no | 39 | 0 | |||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | stress falls always on the last syll | Barbosa 2005:49 | |||
| Nanti | no | Michael, 2008. p. 231-236 | ||||
| Narungga | No | 39 | 0 | |||
| Naso | no | Quesada 2000 | ||||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 8 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No info | x | ||||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No info | x | ||||
| Ngiyambaa | No | 41 | 0 | |||
| Nhanta | no | 93-94 | 0 | |||
| Nheengatu | yes | found an example on page 378 (itá - rock, ita - PL particle) | Cruz 2011:378 | |||
| Ninam | no | Migliazza 1972: p.161 | ||||
| Northern Emberá | no | Mortensen shows some minimal pairs differentiated by stress though (1999:7) | Aguirre 1999:19-20; Mortensen 1999:5 | Chamí | ||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyungar | no | d34 | 0 | |||
| Paakantyi | no | 45 | 0 | |||
| Palikur | no | Launey 2003 | ||||
| Panyjima | no | 134-135 | 0 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | yes | Krivoshein and Acosta 2001:25 | ||||
| Paresi | no info | Rowan 1978, Rowan and Burgess 1979, Brandão 2010 | ||||
| Pemon | no | Pessoa 2005 | ||||
| Piapoco | yes | Sudo, 1976 p. 9 and Galindo, 1992, p. 59 | ||||
| Pintupi | no | 41-42 | 0 | |||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | G 27 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 191 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | no info | |||||
| Páez | yes | Jung 2000:140-3 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no info | More likely not. However, the author says that stress can go either in the last or penultimate syllable | Parker 1965:12 | |||
| Resígaro | no | not discussed as a suprasegmental feature | Allin, 1976, p. 72 | |||
| Ritharrngu | No | 9 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no | Migliazza 1972: p. 38-39 | ||||
| Serrano | ||||||
| Shoshone | ||||||
| Sikuani | no | de Kondo (Vol.1,2) - 1985 | ||||
| Siona | yes | It is analyzed as phonemic because of the conditioning effect it has on adjacent vowels and the selection of certain allomorphs of stem inflection | Wheeler - 1970:20 | |||
| Southern Paiute | ||||||
| Southern Ute | ||||||
| Surui | yes | Bontkes and Bontkes 2009:11 | ||||
| Tanimuca | yes | Stress is phonemic | Strom 1992, p.13 | |||
| Tariana | yes | Aikhenvald 2003: 37 | ||||
| Thanggati | no | 7 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 5 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no info | |||||
| Timbisha | ||||||
| Tukano | no | West and Welch 2004 | no evidence for this | |||
| Uradhi | No | 322 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no info | |||||
| Wajarri | No | 31 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no | 5 | 0 | |||
| Waorani | yes | Saint and Pike 1962:24 | ||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos, 2006:32 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no | n99 | 0 | |||
| Warluwarra | no | 0 | ||||
| Warnman | No | 11 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 20 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no | 0 | ||||
| Warumungu | No | 16 | 0 | |||
| Warungu | no | 1 | 0 | |||
| Wathawurrung | no | 67 | 0 | |||
| Waunana | yes | Binder et all (1995:173) suggest that stress is not contrastive | Loewen 1954:17 | |||
| Wayuu | yes | Pitch-accent, but stress is described as 'phonemic.' | Mansen, 1967: p. 56 | |||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 21-22 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | ||||||
| WesternTorres | no | K81 127-8 | 0 | |||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | No | 35 | 0 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no | 62 | 0 | |||
| Worrorra | no | 2-5 | 0 | |||
| Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990:432 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no | 11, 12 | 0 | |||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no | 31 | 0 | |||
| Yanesha' | yes | However, the author acknowledges not having found any minimal pair differantiated by stress | Fast 1953:194 | |||
| Yanomami | no | Migliazza 1972: p.203 | ||||
| Yanyuwa | no info | x | ||||
| Yavitero | yes | The intensity accent has "phonemic power. | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 30 | |||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no | 41-44 | 0 | |||
| Yindjilindji | no | 0 | ||||
| Yine | no | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no | 52-3 | 0 | |||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | yes | Shauer and Shauer, 1972, p. 10-11 | ||||
| Yulparija | No | 17 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 2 | 0 |
| Language |
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