| Cahuilla |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cupeño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Luiseño |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Serrano |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kitanemuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kawaiisu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Timbisha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Western Mono |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Chemehuevi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Paiute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Southern Ute |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Comanche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Idaho Shoshone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Northern Paiute |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gabrielino |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Achagua |
no |
|
Wilson & Levinsohn 1992: 131 |
|
|
|
| Resígaro |
no |
|
Allin, 1976: 302-303 |
|
|
|
| Bare |
no |
|
Aikhenvald, 1995: 33 |
|
|
|
| Piapoco |
no |
|
Galindo, 2002: 204 |
|
|
|
| Yukuna |
yes |
In Shauer (1978), he notes pro- and enclitics that can occur together. In Shauer & Shauer (2000), he notes that negation is normally expressed with a negation word before the verb, as well as the negation suffix -la on the verb. |
Shauer & Shauer, 1978: p. 523, Shauer 1978: 39 |
|
|
|
| Yavitero |
no |
|
Mosonyi, 1987: p. 64 |
|
|
|
| Wapishana |
no |
|
Santos 2006 |
|
|
|
| Wayuu |
no |
|
Mansen & Captain, 2000: p. 804 |
|
|
|
| Tariana |
yes |
|
Aikhenvald, 2003: 400 |
|
|
|
| Apurinã |
no |
|
Facundes, 2000: 530-533 |
|
|
|
| Asheninka Apurucayali |
no |
|
Payne 1982:19 |
|
|
|
| Maipure |
no |
|
Zamponi 2003:38 |
|
|
|
| Yanesha' |
yes |
|
Duff-Tripp 1997:179 |
|
|
|
| Kinikinau |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Baure |
yes |
|
Danielsen 2007:342 |
|
|
|
| Nanti |
no |
|
Michael, 2008. p. 378-385 |
|
|
|
| Paresi |
yes |
It is restricted to some instances only |
Brandão 2010:57 |
|
|
|
| Palikur |
yes |
|
Green and Green 1972:42 |
|
|
|
| Yine |
no info |
no discussion on negation |
Matteson 1965 |
|
|
|
| Añun |
no |
|
Patte 1989:100 |
|
|
|
| Bora |
yes |
Affix "-tɯ" can be used on its own, especially when the object of the phrase is vague or not referred to. |
Seifart - 2005:72 |
|
|
|
| Makiritare |
no |
|
Hall 1988: 345 |
|
|
|
| Makushi |
no |
Negation is generally a sentence or clause-level morpheme, on nominals it is a suffix. There are examples of these being used together (p. 61, s. 192-3), but a double negative produces a positive result. |
Abbott 1991: 55-61 |
|
No evidence shown in example sentences. |
|
| Eñepa |
no |
|
Payne 2012:353-362 |
|
|
|
| Pemon |
no |
|
de Armellada 1999: 237, 238 |
|
|
|
| Guna |
no |
|
Smith texts |
|
|
|
| Naso |
no |
|
Quesada 2000 |
|
|
|
| Ika |
no |
|
Frank 1985:120-121 |
|
|
|
| Kogi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Cabecar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Guaymí |
no |
|
Quesada 2008:63-8 |
|
|
|
| Damana |
no |
|
Williams 1993:90-93 |
|
|
|
| Sikuani |
no |
|
de Kondo (Vol.1) - 1985:67; Queixalós - 2000:14, 25 |
|
|
|
| Macaguan |
yes |
|
Buenaventura - 1993:48 |
|
|
|
| Aguaruna |
no |
|
Overall 2007:324-6, 481-2 |
|
|
|
| Northern Emberá |
no info |
|
Mortensen 1999:98-102 |
|
Catío |
|
| Waorani |
yes |
It is possible to combine the two strategies for marking negation in a single clause. It has an emphatic effect. However, this is an uncommon construction. |
Peeke 1991:44 |
|
|
|
| Ingá |
yes |
|
ILV 1976:34-5 |
|
|
|
| Matses |
no |
|
Fleck:996 |
|
|
|
| Mapudungun |
no |
|
Zúñiga 2006, 110 |
|
|
|
| Páez |
no |
|
Jung:193-5 |
|
|
|
| Quechua Ayacuchano |
no |
|
Parker 1965:22 |
|
|
|
| Tikuna |
no |
|
Montes 2004b:75, 93 |
|
|
|
| Urarina |
yes |
When more than one negative strategy is combined in a single sentence |
Olawski:567 |
|
|
|
| Waunana |
no |
|
Sánchez and Castro 1977:66 |
|
|
|
| Andoke |
no |
|
Landaburu 1979: 100 |
|
|
|
| Puinave |
no |
|
Giron 2008: p293 |
|
|
|
| Central Aymara |
yes |
|
Huayhua Pari 2001: 277 |
|
|
|
| Kakua |
no |
|
Bolaños fieldnotes |
|
|
|
| Kaingang |
no info |
|
Silva 2011 |
|
|
|
| Minica Witoto |
no |
|
Minor and Minor 1982. p.72-75 |
|
|
|
| Hup |
no |
|
Epps 2008 |
|
|
|
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect |
no |
|
Weir 1984 |
|
|
|
| Dâw |
no |
|
Martins 2004 |
|
|
|
| Desano |
no |
|
Miller 1999, p. 7 |
|
|
|
| Cubeo |
no |
|
Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 30 |
|
|
|
| Kotiria |
no |
|
Stenzel 2004, p. 315 |
|
|
|
| Makuna |
no |
|
Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.60 |
|
scarce info. |
|
| Koreguaje |
no |
|
Cook & Criswell 1993, p.61-62 |
|
|
|
| Barasano |
no |
|
Jones & Jones 1991, p.125 |
|
|
|
| Tanimuca |
no |
|
Strom 1992, p.145 |
|
|
|
| Siona |
no |
|
Wheeler - 1987:151 |
|
|
|
| Tukano |
no |
|
West and Welch 2004: 23, 116; Ramirez 1997: 151 |
|
|
|
| Yanomami |
no |
|
Ramirez 1994: 313-314 |
|
|
|
| Ninam |
no |
|
Goodwin-Gomez, p.102 |
|
|
|
| Sanumá |
no |
double negatives makes a positive |
Borgman 81-88 |
|
|
|
| Surui |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Karitiana |
no |
|
Everett 2006:328-9 |
|
|
|
| Nheengatu |
no |
|
Cruz 2011 |
|
|
|
| Paraguayan Guaraní |
yes |
|
Ayala 1996:42-3 |
|
|
|
| Aché |
no info |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kokama |
no |
|
Vallejos 2010:531 |
|
|
|
| Nyangumarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jingulu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wambaya |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bunuba |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Walmajarri |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyulnyul |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warrwa |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Worrorra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Garrwa |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Gooniyandi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Warlpiri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Bardi |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yugambeh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yorta Yorta |
no |
|
95-6 |
|
|
0 |
| Yir Yoront |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yindjibarndi |
no |
|
156-158 |
|
|
0 |
| Yidiny |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yanyuwa |
no |
|
135 |
|
|
0 |
| Yandruwandha |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yan-nhangu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yalarnnga |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Woiwurrung |
no |
|
75, 77 |
|
|
0 |
| Wirangu |
No |
|
141-2 |
|
|
0 |
| Wemba-Wemba |
no |
|
H 56 |
|
|
0 |
| Warumungu |
No |
|
57 |
|
|
0 |
| Wangkumara |
no info |
|
|
|
|
X |
| Uradhi |
No |
|
381 |
|
|
0 |
| Paakantyi |
no |
|
228 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitta-Pitta |
No |
|
205 |
|
|
0 |
| Pintupi |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nyungar |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Nhanta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngiyambaa |
no |
|
239 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngayawang |
No |
|
14 |
|
|
0 |
| Muruwari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Mpakwithi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mayi-Yapi |
No |
|
68 |
|
|
0 |
| Martuthunira |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Marrgany |
No |
|
343 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuuk Thaayorre |
No |
|
124 |
|
|
0 |
| Kuku Yalanji |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Kugu-Nganhcara |
No |
|
436 |
|
|
0 |
| Kaurna |
No |
|
59 wordlist |
|
|
0 |
| Kalkatungu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Jaru |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Guugu-Yimidhirr |
No |
|
151 |
|
|
0 |
| Gureng Gureng |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Gupapuyngu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gumbaynggirr |
no |
|
334-5 |
|
|
0 |
| Gugu-Badhun |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yuwaalaraay |
No |
|
107 |
|
|
0 |
| Dyirbal |
No |
|
117-8 |
|
|
0 |
| Duungidjawu |
no |
|
110-111 |
|
|
0 |
| Djinang |
No |
|
146 |
|
|
0 |
| Djabugay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diyari |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Dharuk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dharawal |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Darkinyung |
no |
|
46 |
|
|
0 |
| Bularnu |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Biri |
no |
|
56-7 |
|
|
0 |
| Bidjara-Gungabula |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Batyala |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Arabana |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Alyawarr |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Nyikina |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Yawuru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ngarinyin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yulparija |
No |
|
45 |
|
|
0 |
| Wathawurrung |
no |
|
81 |
|
|
0 |
| Mathi-Mathi |
no |
|
103-104 |
|
|
0 |
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie |
no |
|
97-98 |
|
|
0 |
| Thanggati |
no |
|
78 |
|
|
0 |
| Katthang |
no |
|
90 |
|
|
0 |
| Panyjima |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Ngarinyeri |
No |
|
48 |
|
|
0 |
| Kurrama |
no |
|
174-175 |
|
|
0 |
| Yingkarta |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Githabul |
No |
|
30 |
|
|
0 |
| Gunya |
No |
|
343 |
|
|
0 |
| Kunjen |
No |
|
101 |
|
|
0 |
| WesternTorres |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wakaya |
no |
|
109 |
|
|
0 |
| Yindjilindji |
no info |
|
511 |
|
|
x |
| Bandjalang |
No |
|
139 |
|
|
0 |
| Ngaatjatjara |
No |
|
98 |
|
|
0 |
| Arrernte |
No |
|
175 |
|
|
0 |
| Kokatha |
No |
|
36 |
|
|
0 |
| Karajarri |
No |
|
348 |
|
|
0 |
| Pitjantjatjara |
No |
|
G 244 |
|
|
0 |
| Ritharrngu |
No |
|
101 |
|
|
0 |
| Warrgamay |
No |
|
82 |
|
|
0 |
| Warluwarra |
yes |
|
873 |
|
|
1 |
| Warnman |
No |
|
54 |
|
|
0 |
| Djapu |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Bilinarra |
no |
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Wiradjuri |
no info |
|
|
|
|
x |
| Aghu-Tharnggala |
No |
|
50 |
|
|
0 |
| Narungga |
No |
|
57 |
|
|
0 |
| Tharrkari |
No |
|
51 |
|
|
0 |
| Wajarri |
No |
|
132 |
|
|
0 |
| Warungu |
no |
|
674 |
|
|
0 |
| Adnyamathanha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yagua |
no |
|
Payne and Payne 1990 |
|
|
|
| Baniwa |
no |
|
Ramirez 2001 |
|
|
|
