Causative: serial verb or analytical construction
- Category
- Simple Clauses - Valence and voice - Increasing
- Notes
- Causative construction that involves periphrasis or serialization
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Languages
| Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|
Language | Feature Status | Grammatical Notes | Source | Etymology Notes | General Notes | Phylogenetic Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achagua | yes | Wilson & Levinsohn 1992:94 | ||||
| Aché | no info | |||||
| Adnyamathanha | ||||||
| Aghu-Tharnggala | No | 83 | 0 | |||
| Aguaruna | no | Overall 2007:302-4 | ||||
| Alyawarr | no info | X | ||||
| Andoke | no | Landaburu 1979: 203-204 | ||||
| Apurinã | yes | This verb takes a full sentence complement clause, has the meaning "call someone to do something." | Facundes, 2000: 600 | |||
| Arabana | no info | x | ||||
| Arrernte | No | 193 | 0 | |||
| Asheninka Apurucayali | no | Payne 1981:41; Payne 1983:11 | ||||
| Añun | no info | no info on valence | Patte 1989 | |||
| Bandjalang | No | 86 | 0 | |||
| Baniwa | no | Ramirez 2001 | ||||
| Barasano | yes | Jones & Jones 1991,p.102 | The verb eka, with a causative suffix, may be preceded by various other verb roots to signify 'to cause to receive'. | |||
| Bardi | no | 0 | ||||
| Bare | yes | the syntactic causative construction implies indirect action of causer over the causee | Aikhenvald, 1995: 37 | |||
| Batyala | no info | x | ||||
| Baure | yes | Analitycal construction. The verb meaning "to send" is used in this construction | Danielsen 2007:251 | |||
| Bidjara-Gungabula | no | 0 | ||||
| Bilinarra | no info | x | ||||
| Biri | no | 40 | 0 | |||
| Bora | no | Seifart - 2005:59 | ||||
| Bularnu | no | 0 | ||||
| Bunuba | no info | x | ||||
| Cabecar | no info | |||||
| Cahuilla | ||||||
| Central Aymara | no info | |||||
| Chemehuevi | ||||||
| Comanche | ||||||
| Cubeo | no | Morse & Maxwell 1999, p. 57 | ||||
| Cupeño | ||||||
| Damana | no | |||||
| Darkinyung | no info | x | ||||
| Desano | yes | add verb root dore- to another verb root | Miller 1999, p. 115 | |||
| Dharawal | no | 61 | 0 | |||
| Dharuk | ||||||
| Diyari | no | 0 | ||||
| Djabugay | ||||||
| Djapu | no | 75-6 | 0 | |||
| Djinang | No | 122 | 0 | |||
| Duungidjawu | no | 86-7 | 0 | |||
| Dyirbal | No | 91 | 0 | |||
| Dâw | yes | It can be both, in a serial construction or just preceding a verb. | Martins 2004 | |||
| Eñepa | yes | Payne 2012:320 | ||||
| Gabrielino | ||||||
| Garrwa | no info | X | ||||
| Githabul | No | 23 | 0 | |||
| Gooniyandi | yes | 1 | ||||
| Guaymí | yes | Verbs meaning "put", "send" or "leave" are used as auxiliaries in this construction | Quesada 2008:182 | |||
| Gugu-Badhun | no info | x | ||||
| Gumbaynggirr | no | 306 | 0 | |||
| Guna | yes | Smith texts | ||||
| Gunya | No | 329 | 0 | |||
| Gupapuyngu | ||||||
| Gureng Gureng | no info | x | ||||
| Guugu-Yimidhirr | No | 118 | 0 | |||
| Hunter River and Lake Macquarie | no | 84 | 0 | |||
| Hup | yes | Epps 2008 | ||||
| Idaho Shoshone | ||||||
| Ika | yes | This construction involves the verb "to cause" guaʔsa | Frank 1990:66 | |||
| Ingá | no | Levinson 1978:12 | ||||
| Jaru | no info | x | ||||
| Jingulu | yes | 1 | ||||
| Kaingang | no info | Silva 2011/Goncalves 2011 | ||||
| Kakua | no info | Bolaños fieldnotes | ||||
| Kalkatungu | no info | x | ||||
| Karajarri | No | 195 | 0 | |||
| Karitiana | yes | Used to show that the causee reatins certain degree of contron over the action | Everett 2006:442 | |||
| Katthang | no | 86 | 0 | |||
| Kaurna | No | 15 | 0 | |||
| Kawaiisu | ||||||
| Kinikinau | no info | |||||
| Kitanemuk | ||||||
| Kogi | no info | |||||
| Kokama | no | Vallejos 2010:373 | ||||
| Kokatha | no info | x | ||||
| Koreguaje | no | Cook & Criswell 1993, p.70 | ||||
| Kotiria | yes | construction with yoa codes causation | Stenzel 2007:375 | |||
| Kugu-Nganhcara | No | 412-4 | 0 | |||
| Kuku Yalanji | no | 97 | 0 | |||
| Kunjen | No info | x | ||||
| Kurrama | no | 153 | 0 | |||
| Kuuk Thaayorre | No | 402-5 | 0 | |||
| Luiseño | ||||||
| Macaguan | no info | Buenaventura - 1993 | ||||
| Maipure | no | Zamponi 2003:43 | ||||
| Makiritare | no | Hall 1988: 130 | ||||
| Makuna | no | Smothermon & Smothermon 1993, p.64 | ||||
| Makushi | yes | A causative is expressed by the transitive verb emapu'ti 'cause' occuring with a subordinate clause. | Abbott 1991: 40-41 | |||
| Mapudungun | no | Salas 1992, p.186 | ||||
| Marrgany | No | 319 | 0 | |||
| Martuthunira | no | 0 | ||||
| Mathi-Mathi | no | 99-101 | 0 | |||
| Matses | no | Fleck:887 | ||||
| Mayi-Yapi | No info | x | ||||
| Minica Witoto | no | Minor and Minor 1982. p.101 | ||||
| Mpakwithi | ||||||
| Muruwari | no info | x | ||||
| Nadëb/Roçado dialect | no | Weir 1984 | ||||
| Nanti | no | Michael, 2008. p. 279 | ||||
| Narungga | No info | x | ||||
| Naso | yes | periphrastic | Quesada 2000 | |||
| Ngaatjatjara | No | 71 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyeri | No | 59 | 0 | |||
| Ngarinyin | ||||||
| Ngayawang | No | 14 | 0 | |||
| Ngiyambaa | no | 163 | 0 | |||
| Nhanta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nheengatu | no | Cruz 2011:287 | ||||
| Ninam | no | Goodwin-Gomez: 101 | no evidence for this | |||
| Northern Emberá | no | Mortensen 1999:62-3 | Catío | |||
| Northern Paiute | ||||||
| Nyangumarta | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyikina | no | 0 | ||||
| Nyulnyul | no info | x | ||||
| Nyungar | no info | x | ||||
| Paakantyi | no info | X | ||||
| Palikur | no info | Launey 2003 | ||||
| Panyjima | no | 188-189 | 0 | |||
| Paraguayan Guaraní | no | Ayala 1996:233-51 | ||||
| Paresi | yes | Periprhastic causative | Brandão 2010:32 | |||
| Pemon | no info | |||||
| Piapoco | no info | |||||
| Pintupi | no | 0 | ||||
| Pitjantjatjara | No | G 224 | 0 | |||
| Pitta-Pitta | No | 205 | 0 | |||
| Puinave | no info | |||||
| Páez | yes | Jung:102 | ||||
| Quechua Ayacuchano | no | Parker 1965:74 | ||||
| Resígaro | yes | khú (make, do), ooccurs with transitive verbs that have a causative meaning. However, Allin does not describe this as a causative process. | Allin, 1976: 206-207 | |||
| Ritharrngu | No | 61 | 0 | |||
| Sanumá | no | Borgman 1990: 47-53 | ||||
| Serrano | ||||||
| Shoshone | ||||||
| Sikuani | yes | Causer gets first reference; verb "exana" (meaning "to make") is serialized with initial verb(s), and verb serialization then takes -ø marking for causer | de Kondo (Vol.2) - 1985:43; Queixaós - 2000:122-126 | |||
| Siona | no | Wheeler - 1987:145-147 | ||||
| Southern Paiute | ||||||
| Southern Ute | ||||||
| Surui | no info | |||||
| Tanimuca | no | Strom 1992, p.100 | ||||
| Tariana | yes | Several constructions, often use verbs -a "do, say", -iɾa "order," and -pala "put", as well as a periphrastic construction using -ni "make." | Aikhenvald, 2003: 274 | |||
| Thanggati | no | 55-6 | 0 | |||
| Tharrkari | No | 37 | 0 | |||
| Tikuna | no info | |||||
| Timbisha | yes | |||||
| Tukano | no | Ramirez 1997: 271 | ||||
| Uradhi | No | 376 | 0 | |||
| Urarina | no | Olawsky::592-622 | ||||
| Wajarri | No | 108 | 0 | |||
| Wakaya | no | 0 | ||||
| Walmajarri | no | 0 | ||||
| Wambaya | yes | 1 | ||||
| Wangkumara | no | 38 | 0 | |||
| Waorani | no info | |||||
| Wapishana | no | Santos 2006 | ||||
| Warlpiri | no info | 0 | ||||
| Warluwarra | no info | 956 | x | |||
| Warnman | No | 44 | 0 | |||
| Warrgamay | No | 77 | 0 | |||
| Warrwa | no info | x | ||||
| Warumungu | No info | x | ||||
| Warungu | no | 0 | ||||
| Wathawurrung | no | 89-90 | 0 | |||
| Waunana | no info | |||||
| Wayuu | no info | |||||
| Wemba-Wemba | no | H 47-50 | 0 | |||
| Western Mono | ||||||
| WesternTorres | yes | FO 130-1 | 1 | |||
| Wiradjuri | no info | x | ||||
| Wirangu | No | 98-9 | 0 | |||
| Woiwurrung | no info | x | ||||
| Worrorra | yes | ms11.3.3 | 1 | |||
| Yagua | no | Payne and Payne 1990 | ||||
| Yalarnnga | no info | x | ||||
| Yan-nhangu | ||||||
| Yandruwandha | no info | x | ||||
| Yanesha' | no | Duff-Tripp 1997:100-1 | ||||
| Yanomami | no | Ramirez 1994: 245-248 | ||||
| Yanyuwa | no info | x | ||||
| Yavitero | yes | Using verbs wé 'let,' má 'make' or wénija, 'order.' | Mosonyi, 1987: p. 68, 91 | |||
| Yawuru | ||||||
| Yidiny | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjibarndi | no | 0 | ||||
| Yindjilindji | no info | x | ||||
| Yine | no info | Matteson 1965 | ||||
| Yingkarta | no info | x | ||||
| Yir Yoront | ||||||
| Yorta Yorta | no info | x | ||||
| Yugambeh | ||||||
| Yukuna | no info | Shauer & Shauer, 2000; Shauer & Shauer, 1978 | ||||
| Yulparija | No | 47 | 0 | |||
| Yuwaalaraay | No | 84 | 0 |
| Language |
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